Subjunctive in French (le Subjonctif)
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The subjunctive (French: le subjonctif) in French is a mode and is used to express a doubt, a desired fact, an uncertain action that has not been realized at the moment we express ourselves. The subjunctive is used with verbs expressing envy, wishes, desire, emotion, obligation, doubt or uncertainty.
Examples:
- J'aurais aimé qu'il soit là. (I would have liked him to be here)
- Il faut que tu ailles aux urgences. (you need to go to the emergency room)
Lesson outline
Hide- 1.Subjunctive vs Indicative
- 1.1.Use of the subjunctive in French
- 1.1.1.After certain conjunctions
- 1.1.2.After verbs and expressions of feeling
- 1.1.3.In circumstantial clauses (propositions circonstancielles)
- 1.1.4.In relative clauses (les propositions relatives)
- 2.Present subjunctive in French (le subjonctif présent)
- 2.1.Formation of the subjunctive present in French
- 3.Subjunctive past in French (le subjonctif passé)
- 3.1.Formation of the perfect subjunctive in French
- 4.Subjunctive imperfect in French (l'imparfait du subjonctif)
- 4.1.Formation of the subjunctive imperfect in French
- 5.Pluperfect subjunctive in French (le subjonctif plus-que-parfait)
- 5.1.Formation of the pluperfect subjunctive in French
- 6.Exercises
- 6.1.Exercise for the Subjunctive in French
- 6.2.Exercise for the imperfect subjunctive in French
- 6.3.Exercise for the pluperfect subjunctive in French
Subjunctive vs Indicative
Although, the subjunctive is a mode and the indicative a tense, French differentiate the two:
| Infinitif | Indicatif | Subjonctif |
|---|---|---|
| prendre | je prends | que je prenne |
| aller | je vais | que j'aille |
| voir | je vois | que je vois |
Note that the indicative is used for verbs expressing one's own opinion, probability or certainty.
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Use of the subjunctive in French
You use the subjunctive in French under the following circumstances:
After certain conjunctions
- afin que (in order to)
- pour que (for)
- quoique (though)
- avant que (before)
- bien que (although)
- jusqu'à ce que (to)
- sans que (without)
- pourvu que (may)
- á condition que (until)
After verbs and expressions of feeling
We use the subjunctive in the "que" sentence for verbs that denote a personal opinion or subjective feeling:
- aimer (love)
- vouloir (want)
- désirer (wish)
- admirer (admire)
- préférer (prefer)
- eviter (avoid)
- interdire (forbid)
- accepter (agree)
- proposer (suggest)
- aimer mieux (refer)
- douter (doubt)
- contester (deny)
- qui que, quoi que and quel que
In circumstantial clauses (propositions circonstancielles)
It is used with the expression of:
- purpose (le but = pour)
- consequence (la conséquence = assez)
In relative clauses (les propositions relatives)
The subjunctive insists on the potentiality on a desired goal but without verifying its realization. Relatives with a superlative (most ..., least ...) are often used in the subjunctive. It is also common when the main clause contains terms such as:
- le seul (the only)
- le premier (the first)
- le dernier (the last)
The subjunctive has 4 tenses: the present and the past, the imperfect and the pluperfect which are barely used.
Present subjunctive in French (le subjonctif présent)
The subjunctive present expresses an uncertain action, not realized at the moment we are talking.
Examples:
- Je veux qu'il vienne me voir au bureau. (I want him to come at my office.)
- J'aimerais que vous preniez des photos lors de notre visite. (I would like you to take pictures during our visit.)
- Je regrette que tu sois malade. (I regret that you are sick)
Formation of the subjunctive present in French
All verbs have the same endings in the present subjunctive except the verbs 'avoir' and 'etre':
- in conjunction with the bind word que
- -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent
- with the tribe of 3rd person plural in the indicative present
| aller (to go) | finir (to finish) | partir (to leave) |
|---|---|---|
| que j'aille | que je finisse | que je parte |
| que tu ailles | que tu finisses | que tu partes |
| qu'il/elle/on aille | qu'il/elle/on finisse | qu'il/elle/on parte |
| que nous allions | que nous finissions | que nous partions |
| que vous alliez | que vous finissiez | que vous partiez |
| qu'ils/elles aillent | qu'ils/elles aillent | qu'ils/elles partent |
When using the subjunctive present in a subordinate clause, then the verb of the main proposition is in the present tense
Subjunctive past in French (le subjonctif passé)
The past subjunctive expresses an uncertain action, supposedly realized at the moment when we are talking.
| Sample sentences | Translation |
|---|---|
| Je regrette qu'il n'ait pas trouvé un travail. | I regret that he had not found a job. |
| Il est content que je soit venue le voir. | he is happy that I came to see him. |
Formation of the perfect subjunctive in French
The subjunctive perfect in French is formed with the auxiliary verb avoir or être in the subjunctive present + the past participle.
Subjonctif passé with avoir voir (to see) | Subjonctif passé with être aller (to go) |
|---|---|
| que j'ais vu | que je sois allé(e) |
| que tu ais vu | que tu sois allé(e) |
| qu'il/elle/on ait vu | qu'il/elle/on soit allé(e) |
| que nous ayons vu | que nous soyons allé(e)s |
| que vous ayez vu | que vous soyez allé(e)s |
| qu'ils/elles aient vu | qu'ils/elles soient allé(e)s |
Most French verbs make their compound times with avoir. However, there are some verbs that are formed with être, which you should memorize well.
Subjunctive imperfect in French (l'imparfait du subjonctif)
The imperfect subjunctive is especially used in literature. It is a simple time that expresses an uncertain action, not realized at the moment when the speaker spoke.
Examples:
- Je voulais qu'il vînt me voir. (I wanted him to visit me.)
- Je voudrais qu'il fût à l'heure. (I want him to be on time.)
- Elle était heureuse qu'il écrivît la lettre. (She was happy that he wrote the letter.)
Formation of the subjunctive imperfect in French
The subjunctive imperfect in French is formed :
- verbs on -ER with: -asse, -asses, -ât, -assions, -assiez, -assent
- verbs on -IR: -isse, -isses, -ît, -issions, -issiez, -issent
- 3rd groupverbs have 2 models of endings: -isse -isses -ît -issions -issiez -issent and -usse -usses -ût -ussions -ussiez -ussent
| aimer | finir | prendre | courir |
|---|---|---|---|
| que j'aimasse | que je finisse | que je prisse | que je courusse |
| que tu aimasses | que tu finisses | que tu prisses | que tu courusses |
| qu'il/elle/on aimât | qu'il/elle/on finît | qu'il/elle/on prît | qu'il/elle/on couût |
| que nous aimassions | que nous finissions | que nous prissions | que nous courussions |
| que vous aimassiez | que vous finissiez | que vous prissiez | que vous courussiez |
| qu'ils/elles aimassent | qu'ils/elles finissent | qu'ils/elles prissent | qu'ils/elles courussent |
Pluperfect subjunctive in French (le subjonctif plus-que-parfait)
The pluperfect subjunctive expresses an uncertain action, supposedly realized at the moment when the speaker spoke. It is especially used in literature.
Examples:
- Je ne pensais pas qu'il eût rendu son devoir à temps. (I did not think he should have done his homework on time.)
- Ils fussent partis avant son retour. (they should have left before he came back)
Formation of the pluperfect subjunctive in French
The pluperfect subjunctive is formed:with the imperfect subjunctive of the auxiliary of 'être' or 'avoir' + the past participle.
Subjonctif plus-que-parfait with avoir écrire (to write) | Subjonctif plus-que-parfait with être partir (to leave) |
|---|---|
| J'eusse écrit | je fusse parti |
| tu eusses écrit | tu fusses parti |
| il/elle/on eût écrit | il/elle/on fût parti |
| nous eussions écrit(e)s | nous fussions parti(e)s |
| vous eussiez écrit(e)s | vous fussiez parti(e)s |
| ils/elles eussent écrit(e)s | ils/elles fussent parti(e)s |
You want to know more about the subjunctive in French? Then have a look at our respective continuing chapters of the most used tenses of the subjunctive: "le subjonctif présent" and "le subjonctif passé".
Exercises
- Exercise for the Subjunctive in French
- Exercise for the imperfect subjunctive in French
- Exercise for the pluperfect subjunctive in French
Exercise for the Subjunctive in French
Exercise for the imperfect subjunctive in French
Rewrite the following sentences in the imperfect subjunctive
Example: Il voulait que nous venions le voir.
Il voulait que nous vinssions le voir.
1) J'étais heureux qu'elle soit à l'heure.
J'étais heureux à l'heure
(I was happy that she arrives on time)
2) Il fallait qu'elle le fasse.
Il fallait le
(She had to do it)
3) Elle était trop fatiguée pour que la soirée soit agréable.
Elle était trop fatiguée pour que la soirée agréable.
(She was so tired for the party to be good)
4) Je voulais qu'il vienne me voir.
Je veux me voir
(I wanted him to come to see me)
5) Il fallait que tu ailles faire les courses.
Il fallait faire les courses.
(You had to go shopping)
6) Il était nécessaire qu'elle aie une assurance pour son voyage.
Il était nécessaire un assurance pour son voyage
(She needed to have an insurance for her trip)
7) Je voulais que tu prennes un billet pour le Maroc.
Je voulais un billet pour le Maroc
(I wanted him to take a ticket for Morocco)
8) Elle doutait que tu comprennes les démarches.
Elle doutait les démarches
(She was doubting that you understand the steps)
9) Elle cherchait Léo pour qu'il puisse le faire.
Elle cherchait Léo pour le faire
(She was looking for Léo so that he can do it)
10) Je doutais que vous sachiez la réponse.
Je doutais la réponse
(I was doubting you know the answer)
Exercise for the pluperfect subjunctive in French
(The auxiliary être agrees in gender and number)
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the pluperfect subjunctive. Bonne chance!
Exemple: je ne savais pas que ta soeur __________ en France. (partir)
Je ne savais pas que ta soeur fusses partie en France.
Il doutait qu'il malade. (être)
(He was doubting that he was sick)
Je regrettais qu'elles ne pas . (venir)
(I was sorry that they did not come)
Elle était triste qu'il à l'armée. (aller)
(She was sad that he went in the army)
Elle était heureuse de savoir que nous avec le chef d'équipe. (parler)
(She was happy to know that we talked to the foreman)
Il était nécessaire que tu une bonne présentation. (faire)
(You needed to do a good presentation)
Il semblait que vous vos devoirs. (finir)
(You seemed to finish you homework)
Nous préférions attendre jusqu'à ce qu'ils . (revenir)
(We would rather wait until they came back)
Ils était heureux que leurs parents une lettre. (écrire)
(They were happy that their parents wrote a letter)
Il avait peur qu'elle n' pas son entretien d'embauche. (réussir)
(He was afraid that she did not succeed her job interview)
Il est important que vous ce que le professeur a dit. (entendre)
(It is important that you heard what the teacher has said)
Exercises
- Exercise for the Subjunctive in French
- Exercise for the imperfect subjunctive in French
- Exercise for the pluperfect subjunctive in French
Exercise for the Subjunctive in French
Exercise for the imperfect subjunctive in French
Rewrite the following sentences in the imperfect subjunctive
Example: Il voulait que nous venions le voir.
Il voulait que nous vinssions le voir.
1) J'étais heureux qu'elle soit à l'heure.
J'étais heureux à l'heure
(I was happy that she arrives on time)
2) Il fallait qu'elle le fasse.
Il fallait le
(She had to do it)
3) Elle était trop fatiguée pour que la soirée soit agréable.
Elle était trop fatiguée pour que la soirée agréable.
(She was so tired for the party to be good)
4) Je voulais qu'il vienne me voir.
Je veux me voir
(I wanted him to come to see me)
5) Il fallait que tu ailles faire les courses.
Il fallait faire les courses.
(You had to go shopping)
6) Il était nécessaire qu'elle aie une assurance pour son voyage.
Il était nécessaire un assurance pour son voyage
(She needed to have an insurance for her trip)
7) Je voulais que tu prennes un billet pour le Maroc.
Je voulais un billet pour le Maroc
(I wanted him to take a ticket for Morocco)
8) Elle doutait que tu comprennes les démarches.
Elle doutait les démarches
(She was doubting that you understand the steps)
9) Elle cherchait Léo pour qu'il puisse le faire.
Elle cherchait Léo pour le faire
(She was looking for Léo so that he can do it)
10) Je doutais que vous sachiez la réponse.
Je doutais la réponse
(I was doubting you know the answer)
Exercise for the pluperfect subjunctive in French
(The auxiliary être agrees in gender and number)
Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the pluperfect subjunctive. Bonne chance!
Exemple: je ne savais pas que ta soeur __________ en France. (partir)
Je ne savais pas que ta soeur fusses partie en France.
Il doutait qu'il malade. (être)
(He was doubting that he was sick)
Je regrettais qu'elles ne pas . (venir)
(I was sorry that they did not come)
Elle était triste qu'il à l'armée. (aller)
(She was sad that he went in the army)
Elle était heureuse de savoir que nous avec le chef d'équipe. (parler)
(She was happy to know that we talked to the foreman)
Il était nécessaire que tu une bonne présentation. (faire)
(You needed to do a good presentation)
Il semblait que vous vos devoirs. (finir)
(You seemed to finish you homework)
Nous préférions attendre jusqu'à ce qu'ils . (revenir)
(We would rather wait until they came back)
Ils était heureux que leurs parents une lettre. (écrire)
(They were happy that their parents wrote a letter)
Il avait peur qu'elle n' pas son entretien d'embauche. (réussir)
(He was afraid that she did not succeed her job interview)
Il est important que vous ce que le professeur a dit. (entendre)
(It is important that you heard what the teacher has said)
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Hello,
My name is Tiska. I am a French Teacher with experiences with adults and teenagers in Public Education (USA) and Language Schools. I am holding a Master Degree in FLE (Teaching French as a Foreign Language).
Join a small group of learners of 2 or 3 for conversation lessons with me. An article or video to watch before the lesson and a conversation with personalized corrections during the lesson. This option saves you at least 10 euros per lesson on Colanguage.
Group opening:
Monday and/or Wednesday from 17:30 to 18:30 (French time).
Level: intermediate (B1)
Also, standard French lessons
- level A2 (low intermediate)
- 2 hours a week
- ask for schedule
Don’t know your level? Ask for a free level test.
I give Skype lessons to people who need or want to improve their French language. I like to use material from the internet (videos, article etc.) to introduce a theme which leads to a lesson and a conversation.
I like to create engaging learning with my students. I will give as homework a document to watch or to read with comprehension exercises so the time we have on skype is only speaking practice and explanation if needed.
I can help you prepare DELF-DALF Exams or work on specific needs (as professional French).
Really like to speak about all the subjects with the student especially those the student like so it gives the motivation to speak in the foreign language.
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Whatever are your motivations, if you want to learn french in a pleasurable and rewarding way, book a class with me!
J. M.
The strategy of Tiphaine is simple but very effective. She assess each students by understanding their needs and goals first. What I enjoy most is I get to speak french with her more than I did in my other french classes. She also give life advices on the side. :)
Tiphaine R.
Italian second language teacher
G. P.
Alessandra is a teacher of Italian, history and geography. She teaches in Milan as a substitute teacher. She participated in the Dante Alighieri teaching course in Milan and has Ditals level 1 certification. Her teaching method is based on the level of the student. Her motto is: teaching in a creative way. She uses the Dieci Alma edition to teach.
This review was written by a coLanguage team member during a manual screening of this teacher profile.
Alessandra B.
Degree in Teaching and in Geography and History, with certificate of French C1 by the Institut Français and by the Official School of Languages, I teach French and Spanish online since 2020.
I adapt to your level and your time needs, with maximum availability. I use my own materials and resources available on the internet, making the classes enjoyable and fun. I offer a free first class, do not hesitate to book it to meet us.
J. .
Blanca is an excellent teacher and very friendly. She adapts the lessons to my wishes. We laugh a lot and I hope that we will continue the lessons for a long time.
Blanca N.
Thank you Jolanda, you are very nice!
Hello everyone!
I am Manon, French by birth, currently living in Costa Rica.
I love meeting new people and I am curious to discover your life path and discuss what you are passionate about.
During a class, I take the time to take an interest in my students and help them to speak naturally.
The conversation can be about a topic you’d like to talk about, or we can use a video, an audio, or an image and discuss around this support.
I want you to feel comfortable so, no pressure, we’re here to have fun and learn.
I look forward to meeting you, so feel free to try a free trial course ;)
See you soon!
G. .
Manon is a lovely teacher. I really enjoyed the lessons with her and learned a lot of things. Thanks again!!!
Manon R.
Thank you very much Julia!! It was a real pleasure to know you, I too had a great time! Good continuation to you!
Hello,
My name is Tiska. I am a French Teacher with experiences with adults and teenagers in Public Education (USA) and Language Schools. I am holding a Master Degree in FLE (Teaching French as a Foreign Language).
Join a small group of learners of 2 or 3 for conversation lessons with me. An article or video to watch before the lesson and a conversation with personalized corrections during the lesson. This option saves you at least 10 euros per lesson on Colanguage.
Group opening:
Monday and/or Wednesday from 17:30 to 18:30 (French time).
Level: intermediate (B1)
Also, standard French lessons
- level A2 (low intermediate)
- 2 hours a week
- ask for schedule
Don’t know your level? Ask for a free level test.
I give Skype lessons to people who need or want to improve their French language. I like to use material from the internet (videos, article etc.) to introduce a theme which leads to a lesson and a conversation.
I like to create engaging learning with my students. I will give as homework a document to watch or to read with comprehension exercises so the time we have on skype is only speaking practice and explanation if needed.
I can help you prepare DELF-DALF Exams or work on specific needs (as professional French).
Really like to speak about all the subjects with the student especially those the student like so it gives the motivation to speak in the foreign language.
The free first lesson is organize to know your tastes, your level and your needs so we can plan the next lessons about the objectives you fixed.
S. .
Tiska is giving a great support to my 8 years daughter in this challenging period! We scheduled regularly lessons to improve her French language skill and to review grammars rules in a funny enjoyfull way. Super professional and very kind teacher!
Tiska G.
Hello,
I am a multilingual teacher with experience in teaching French to German, Japanese, English, Bulgarian and Italian-speaking students, etc. (levels A1 to C1).
I have been teaching French for 8 years in Luxemburg and now in Bulgaria for 4 years, to teenagers, housewives, businessmen, employees, doctors, etc. I can also help you with DELF and DALF preparation. I give lessons via Skype, Zoom and Microsoft Teams in several countries.
My teaching method for each class : a grammar point together with listening, a lot of speaking with conversation questions or games. While you speak, I write all the new words you need to express yourself, illustrated by pictures or translated in your language.
I do my best to make you feel comfortable to speak and for you to have a pleasant time. According to me, using humour will help you learn more easily.
Whether you need to learn French for business, integration in a French-speaking country or studying, I will be happy to help you. Do not hesitate to contact me for a free trial lesson.
Looking forward to hearing from you,
Katia
J. V.
I was so pleased with my lesson with Katia. She speaks a clear French that is easy to follow and handles the technology brilliantly. She is a good listener and instantly types up vocabulary words, generating a list so I could reinforce and see what I had learned. I was really impressed. I highly recommend her for learning French.
Katia H.
Hi!
My name is Krisztina! I’m a teacher of German and French with the corresponding qualifications. I've grown up in a bilingual family (Hungarian-German), so I speak both languages as a native language. I’ve been teaching for six years, so I’m able to estimate your needs, and to meet them. In my lessons, I recreat real life situations, so that you will be able to adapt yourselves to different circumstances. I’m a patient, positive and creative person, who is looking forward to see you in her lessons. So don’t hesitate to book a lesson with me.
N. D.
I am very satisfied with my new teacher. Looks like I'm going to get French soon! Looking forward to each lesson. Krisztina knows many languages, which allows her to understand pronunciation difficulties and to remain patient. Hope to pass C1 one day!
Krisztina L.
Hello there. I am Ivan and I teach German, French and English online with great success for over 7 years. My teaching technics suit to all kind of interests and goals: personal as well as professional.
I have studied, worked and lived in the French and in the German part of Switzerland, supporting customers from different ages and countries around the world. I am currently working for two online-schools (in the UK and in China).
Additionally, teaching is my passion which makes me not only a passionated and hard-working teacher but also a flexible, dynamic and compassionate person.
Please contact me for more information and a first meeting free of charge.
Looking forward to meet you soon.
R. K.
Ivan is an excellent teacher. He adapts lessons to your needs and wishes and makes learning with him fun and enjoyable by finding material which interests you or that you might find interesting even if you didn’t know it yourself before! I have had 25 lessons with him now and my progress has been much quicker than any method, or course I have taken before. I can’t rate him highly enough! He is very punctual and is very quick to respond if I have any questions. Thank you Ivan!
Ivan E.
Hello,
My name is Tiska. I am a French Teacher with experiences with adults and teenagers in Public Education (USA) and Language Schools. I am holding a Master Degree in FLE (Teaching French as a Foreign Language).
Join a small group of learners of 2 or 3 for conversation lessons with me. An article or video to watch before the lesson and a conversation with personalized corrections during the lesson. This option saves you at least 10 euros per lesson on Colanguage.
Group opening:
Monday and/or Wednesday from 17:30 to 18:30 (French time).
Level: intermediate (B1)
Also, standard French lessons
- level A2 (low intermediate)
- 2 hours a week
- ask for schedule
Don’t know your level? Ask for a free level test.
I give Skype lessons to people who need or want to improve their French language. I like to use material from the internet (videos, article etc.) to introduce a theme which leads to a lesson and a conversation.
I like to create engaging learning with my students. I will give as homework a document to watch or to read with comprehension exercises so the time we have on skype is only speaking practice and explanation if needed.
I can help you prepare DELF-DALF Exams or work on specific needs (as professional French).
Really like to speak about all the subjects with the student especially those the student like so it gives the motivation to speak in the foreign language.
The free first lesson is organize to know your tastes, your level and your needs so we can plan the next lessons about the objectives you fixed.
E. A.
TISKA is a very prepared, kind and helpful teacher. i love studying with her because she makes the lesson to be intereesant and nice. she understands my needs and gives me the right homework.
Tiska G.
Bonjour! Veux-tu apprendre français? ou l'améliorer?
My classes are structured according to my students' needs, I use different teaching methods and I rely on listening each of my students' expectations and goals. Dynamism and constant learning are my purposes in my classes.
I have worked as a French teacher for more than ten years.
I have academic studies in English and French from Montréal, Canada, where I lived for several years. I have a Bachelor in Teaching French as a foreign language from the Université de Bourgogne.
I learned French at an early age in immersion in a French-speaking region and I studied French formally for 11 years, obtaining a native level.
À bientôt!
J. J.
Natalia is a great teacher. She uses a variety of teaching methods and always considers my wishes and learning goals. The atmosphere is very pleasant, we speak a lot about random topics but also about situations from my work, which really helps to improve my conversation skills.
We work with Janeke on improving her skills using situations from her work environment. Also, we discuss different topics, using a variety of materials. I have seen her French improve very quickly. Congratulations Janeke!