The propositions in French
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Lesson outline
Hide- 1.What is a proposition in French ?
- 1.1.independent proposition in French
- 1.1.1.Examples
- 1.1.2.Examples
- 1.2.Main proposition in French
- 1.2.1.Examples
- 1.3.Incidental proposition in French
- 1.3.1.Examples
- 2.Subordinate clauses in French
- 2.1.Relative subordinate clauses in French
- 2.1.1.Examples
- 2.2.Conjunctive subordinate clause in French
- 2.3.Recap: What is a subordinated conjunction in French ?
- 2.3.1.The completive subordinate clause in French
- 2.3.2.Circumstantial subordinate clauses
- 3.Exercises
- 3.1.Multiple choice questions about the propositions in French
- 3.2.Fill in the blank exercise about the relative subordinate clause in French
- 3.3.Completive vs circumstancial subordinate clause in French
- 3.4.Fill in the blank exercise about the conjunctions of subordination in French
What is a proposition in French ?
A proposition is a part of a sentence containing a verb. A sentence can have one or several propositions. Therefore it is linked to the phrases in French.
It is a grammatical set organized around a verb, generally conjugated. In a sentence, each conjugated verb is therefore the core of a proposition: there are as many propositions than verbs.
The French grammar has three types of proposition:
- Independent proposition
- Main proposition
- Incidental proposition
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independent proposition in French
The independent proposition (French: la proposition indépendante) is linked to the simple phrases. It is a proposition which does not depend on any other proposition and of which no proposition depends.
Examples
| proposition indépendante | Traduction |
|---|---|
| Il boit du lait | (He is drinking milk) |
| Le chat chasse la souris | (The cat is hunting the mouse) |
| Cendrillon est une princesse Disney | (Cinderella is a Disney princess) |
A phrase can have many independent propositions. Then it is called:
- Coordinated independent proposition
- Juxtaposed independent proposition
Examples
| Proposition | Independante | Traduction |
|---|---|---|
| Coordonnée | Je ne comprends pas la leçon mais je peux faire l'exercice | (I don't understand the lesson but I can do the exercice) |
| Juxtaposée | Ne t'en vas pas, ferme d'abord la boutique | (Don't leave, close the shop first) |
Learn more about these types propositions to use it in the composed phrase.
Main proposition in French
The main proposition (French: la proposition principale) is a proposition that does not depend on any other and upon which depends at least one subordinate clause.
It is the basic proposition to which the other proposals hang up.
Examples
| Proposition principale | Proposition subordonnée | Traduction |
|---|---|---|
| Léo a fui | quand il a vu ses parents | (Leo ran away when he saw his parents) |
| Marie a acheté une nouvelle voiture | lorsqu'elle a déménagé à Los Angeles | (Marie bought a new car when she moved to LA) |
| Elle se demande | pourquoi je suis plus avec elle | (She wonders why I left her) |
Incidental proposition in French
The incidental proposition (French: la proposition incidente) also called "incise", appears in another proposition with which it is not coordinated and has no relationship of dependence.
It plays somehow the role of a parenthesis. Usually, It indicates that someone is reporting what somebody said.
The incise proposition can be placed whenever you want: at the beginning, in the middle or at the end.
Examples
- "Il faudrait trouver une autre solution" disait -il. (We have to find another way, he said)
- Quoi qu'il en soit, je ne reviendrais pas sur ma décision. (Anyway, I won't reconsider my decision)
- Le directeur, paraît-il, a déposé sa démission. (It seems that the CEO has submitted his resignation)
Subordinate clauses in French
The subordinate clauses (French: les propositions subordonnées) are linked to the complex phrases. We say that a proposition is subordinate if it depends on another proposition (almost always a main). It completes the meaning.
There are four types of subordinate clauses:
- Relative subordinate clauses
- Conjunctive subordinate clauses
- Completive subordinate clauses
- Circumstantial subordinate clauses
Relative subordinate clauses in French
The relative subordinate clause (French: la proposition subordonnée relative) is part of the nominal group. It can not exist alone and is necessarily introduced by a relative pronoun.
Its grammatical function is the complement of the name. The completed name is called antecedent and the pronoun agrees with it.
Let's analyze this sentence:
Je ne veux pas réveiller mon amie qui dort dans la chambre. (I don't want to wake up my friend who sleeps in my room)
- The main proposition is "je ne veux pas réveiller mon amie"
- The subordinate clause is "qui dort dans la chambre"
- "Qui" replace "mon amie" so the antecedent is "mon amie"
Examples
| Proposition principale | Proposition subordonnée relative | Traduction |
|---|---|---|
| Je parlais de l'enfant | dont on a eu la garde | (I was talking about the kid whom we have had the custody) |
| Léa acheté les mêmes chaussures | que j'ai porté à son anniversaire | (Lea bought the same shoes that I wore at her birthday party) |
| Pierre a rencontré l'homme | qui lui a sauvé la vie | (Peter met the man who saved his life) |
Note that the relative subordinate clauses is not necessarily placed after the main proposition.
Conjunctive subordinate clause in French
The subordinate conjunctive proposition (French: la proposition subordonnée conjonctive) is a proposition which depends on a principal proposition and which is introduced by a conjunction of subordination
The conjunctive subordinate clause can be completive or circumstantial.
Recap: What is a subordinated conjunction in French ?
The conjunctions of subordination (French: les conjunctions de subordination) are invariable words. They can also be conjunctive phrases.
They connect two propositions: a main and a conjunctive subordinate whose grammatical function varies with the conjunction used.
It belongs to the subordinate clause it introduces
| Conjonctions de subordination | que, quand, comme, si, lorsque, puisque, quoique |
|---|---|
| Locutions conjonctives | ainsi que, vu que, alors que, à moins que, après que, depuis que, aussitôt que, bien que, parce que, dès que, malgré que, pendant que, tandis que |
The completive subordinate clause in French
The completive subordinate clause (French: la proposition subordonnée complétive) is a proposition which depends on a main proposition and which, in most cases, has a role of direct object complement. The completive subordinate clause can be conjunctive, infinitive or interrogative.
The conjunctive is introduced by:
- que (that)
- ce que
Examples
| Conjonction | Proposition subordonnée completive | Traduction |
|---|---|---|
| Que | Malia a beaucoup aimé la robe que je lui ai achetée | (Malia really loved the dress that I bought for her) |
| Ce que | Il ne s'attendait pas à ce qu'il soit aussi distant | (He wasn't expecting him to be this stant-offish) |
The infinitive has any introductory word and includes an infinitive verb. It is often a direct object of a verb of perception like voir, regarder, entendre..
Examples:
- Pedro sent Sandra s'éloigner de lui. (Pedro can feel Sandra driving away from him)
The interrogative is indirect and may be introduced by
- "si" if it's the total interrogation
- An interrogative, pronoun and adverb id it's the partial interrogation
Examples:
| Interrogation | Proposition subordonnée complétive | Traduction |
|---|---|---|
| Total | Je ne vois pas si elle a raison | (I cannot see if she is right) |
| Partial | Dis moi pourquoi tu es parti | (Tell me why you left) |
You can learn more about the two types of interrogation.
Circumstantial subordinate clauses
The circumstantial subordinate clause (French: la proposition subordonnée circonstancielle) depends on a main proposition and has the function of circumstantial complement.
It can be introduced by a subordinated conjunction or a verb conjugated in the past or present participle.
Examples
| Circonstancielle | Proposition subordonée | Traduction |
|---|---|---|
| Conjonction de subordination | J'ai visité la tour Eiffel quand j'ai été à Paris | (I have been to the Eiffel tower when I was in Paris) |
| Participle | La travail fini, tout le monde rentra chez eux | (Job is over, everyone went back home) |
Exercises
- Multiple choice questions about the propositions in French
- Fill in the blank exercise about the relative subordinate clause in French
- Completive vs circumstancial subordinate clause in French
- Fill in the blank exercise about the conjunctions of subordination in French
Multiple choice questions about the propositions in French
Fill in the blank exercise about the relative subordinate clause in French
Write the appropriate relative pronoun (qui, que/qu', où, dont, lequel, laquelle...). You can learn the relative pronouns by clicking this page.
Bonne chance !
1. La bicyclette est devant la maison est celle de mon frère.
(The bike which is in front of the house is my brother's)
2. La personne à je pense tout le temps, c'est mon fiancé.
(The person whose I think about is my fiancee)
3. Le monsieur pour tu travailles est sérieux.
(The man whom you work for is serious)
4. La série tu m'as parlé est déjà terminée.
(The serie you talked to me about is already over)
5. Voici l'hôtel ils ont séjourné pendant leur lune de miel.
(Here's the hotel where they spent their honeymoon)
6. Ce sont les fleurs je trouve les plus jolies.
(Those are the flowers that I find the prettiest)
7. Les gens sont souvent au soleil sont bronzés.
(People who usually are exposed in the sun are tanned)
8. Les fleurs devant je me trouve sont vraiment belles.
(The flowers which I am in front are very beautiful)
9. C'est la maison le toit est couvert de tuiles rouges.
(It is the house whose roof tiles are red)
10. Le salaire on me paie n'est pas si mauvais.
(The wage they pay me isn't that bad)
Completive vs circumstancial subordinate clause in French
Fill in the blank exercise about the conjunctions of subordination in French
Write the subordinating conjunction for the following sentences. You can check the propositions lesson page for the list of subordinating conjunctions.
Bonne chance !
1. La grammaire est difficile pour toi tu étudies beaucoup.
(The grammar is difficult for you although you learn too much)
2. Va dormir tu arriveras.
(Go to sleep as soon as you arrive)
3. Je vais t'apprendre le français je le parle bien.
(I am going to teach you French since I speak it very well)
4. tu parleras bien, tu viendras en France avec moi.
(When you'll be good at speaking, you'll come with me in France)
5. Je fais la cuisine tu regardes la télé.
(I am cooking while your are watching the TV)
6. je suis fatigué, je vais dormir.
(When I am tired, I go to sleep)
7. Je rentre à la maison il est tard.
(I go back home because it is too late)
8. tu m'aideras, je finirai l'exercice.
(Once you'll help me, I'll finish the exercise)
9. Tu joues toujours ton frère travaille.
(You always play while your brother works)
10. Tu réussis à tes examens ils soient difficiles.
(You succeed your exams although they're difficult)
Exercises
- Multiple choice questions about the propositions in French
- Fill in the blank exercise about the relative subordinate clause in French
- Completive vs circumstancial subordinate clause in French
- Fill in the blank exercise about the conjunctions of subordination in French
Multiple choice questions about the propositions in French
Fill in the blank exercise about the relative subordinate clause in French
Write the appropriate relative pronoun (qui, que/qu', où, dont, lequel, laquelle...). You can learn the relative pronouns by clicking this page.
Bonne chance !
1. La bicyclette est devant la maison est celle de mon frère.
(The bike which is in front of the house is my brother's)
2. La personne à je pense tout le temps, c'est mon fiancé.
(The person whose I think about is my fiancee)
3. Le monsieur pour tu travailles est sérieux.
(The man whom you work for is serious)
4. La série tu m'as parlé est déjà terminée.
(The serie you talked to me about is already over)
5. Voici l'hôtel ils ont séjourné pendant leur lune de miel.
(Here's the hotel where they spent their honeymoon)
6. Ce sont les fleurs je trouve les plus jolies.
(Those are the flowers that I find the prettiest)
7. Les gens sont souvent au soleil sont bronzés.
(People who usually are exposed in the sun are tanned)
8. Les fleurs devant je me trouve sont vraiment belles.
(The flowers which I am in front are very beautiful)
9. C'est la maison le toit est couvert de tuiles rouges.
(It is the house whose roof tiles are red)
10. Le salaire on me paie n'est pas si mauvais.
(The wage they pay me isn't that bad)
Completive vs circumstancial subordinate clause in French
Fill in the blank exercise about the conjunctions of subordination in French
Write the subordinating conjunction for the following sentences. You can check the propositions lesson page for the list of subordinating conjunctions.
Bonne chance !
1. La grammaire est difficile pour toi tu étudies beaucoup.
(The grammar is difficult for you although you learn too much)
2. Va dormir tu arriveras.
(Go to sleep as soon as you arrive)
3. Je vais t'apprendre le français je le parle bien.
(I am going to teach you French since I speak it very well)
4. tu parleras bien, tu viendras en France avec moi.
(When you'll be good at speaking, you'll come with me in France)
5. Je fais la cuisine tu regardes la télé.
(I am cooking while your are watching the TV)
6. je suis fatigué, je vais dormir.
(When I am tired, I go to sleep)
7. Je rentre à la maison il est tard.
(I go back home because it is too late)
8. tu m'aideras, je finirai l'exercice.
(Once you'll help me, I'll finish the exercise)
9. Tu joues toujours ton frère travaille.
(You always play while your brother works)
10. Tu réussis à tes examens ils soient difficiles.
(You succeed your exams although they're difficult)
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Doctor of Letters and Professor of French Language and Literature
A. P.
Virginie is the best French teacher I ever came across. She has been a great help in preparing for DELF B1. Her clear method of explaining helps me understand and retain the grammar rules. She is very patient and her calm personality removes my anxiety and puts my mind at ease. I highly recommend her and thank her for the wonderful learning experience.
Virginie D.
Italian second language teacher
G. P.
Alessandra is a teacher of Italian, history and geography. She teaches in Milan as a substitute teacher. She participated in the Dante Alighieri teaching course in Milan and has Ditals level 1 certification. Her teaching method is based on the level of the student. Her motto is: teaching in a creative way. She uses the Dieci Alma edition to teach.
This review was written by a coLanguage team member during a manual screening of this teacher profile.
Alessandra B.
I am a professional English tutor with online teaching experience. In my class, you won’t need to memorise long lists of vocabulary. Instead, we will discuss interesting topics and practice language that you want to learn. With my artistic background, I can create creative and fun lessons suited to the student's learning goals. I like using colorful PowerPoint slides, flashcards and videos to demonstrate my learning points.
I am a friendly, patient person, because I know that learning a new language can sometimes be very scary. My classroom is a safe, comfortable space that encourages mistakes, because this is the best way to learn. I am creative and use music/dancing where possible to re-energize my students. This makes learning the subjects you don't enjoy, fun, as we may sing songs that target grammar structures or vocabulary.
E. A.
Savannah is a wonderful and lovely teacher; thanks to her I was able to pass an important exam. She can understand your needs and suggest you how to improve your skills She is an understanding person and is able to make each lesson interesting and pleasant , focusing on useful subjets I think she is perfect for both adult and young students. In addition, having South Africa and Europe the same time zone, it makes convenient and easy to schedule lessons!
Thank you so much Elena. It was such a pleasure to teach you. You always had so much to say so our lessons were always fun. I am so proud of your accomplishments. Well done!
Bonjour! Veux-tu apprendre français? ou l'améliorer?
My classes are structured according to my students' needs, I use different teaching methods and I rely on listening each of my students' expectations and goals. Dynamism and constant learning are my purposes in my classes.
I have worked as a French teacher for more than ten years.
I have academic studies in English and French from Montréal, Canada, where I lived for several years. I have a Bachelor in Teaching French as a foreign language from the Université de Bourgogne.
I learned French at an early age in immersion in a French-speaking region and I studied French formally for 11 years, obtaining a native level.
À bientôt!
S. B.
After one lesson, I knew that Natalia would be a great fit for me. She made the conversation fun and stimulating. Natalia was very patient with me. Yet, she also encouraged me to speak french in a way that I had not spoken before. By the end of the lesson, my french stream of conscious was more fluid than it had ever been. I know that each lesson will be the highlight of my week.
Sarah is an excellent student, she is so motivated! She is learning French very fast and each class I see how she is able to speak and understand so much more. I am sure she will be speaking fluently soon!
Italian teacher for foreigners
G. P.
Beatrice is specialized in teaching Italian for all levels. She has language certificates from DITALS for Italian and CELTA for English. Other than her knowledge of the Italian language, she can also speak English, and Spanish. Her multilingual skills allow her to offer the students a chance for better communication during her classes. Beatrice’s teaching method depends on what fits your level. In her, you will find a well-prepared, expert, and friendly teacher. She relies on several books for teaching the Italian languagen, like: Dieci, Nuovo Contatto, Domani, Progetto Italiano, and Nuovo Magari. With Beatrice, you'll learn faster than you can imagine!
This review was written by a coLanguage team member during a manual screening of this teacher profile.
Beatrice B.
I’m French, currently living in the Netherlands.
I lived in Paris for almost twenty years, and I know very well my country (and of course my language, French, my mother tongue). I taught French for two years in Spain, conversation class about culture essentially.
In Paris, I was Spanish teacher, I have the Agregation degree which is the highest degree for teaching in France, I'm bilingual. I've participated too in several editorial projects about Spanish teaching and DELE preparation.
I have a Spanish Studies Master and I'm currently doing a research about the Spanish and Sefardi Judaism.
I have a French as foreign language and a Religious Studies Masters too.
I enjoy sharing what I know. I’m a very eclectic person and curious about everything. To give you an idea, my interest (and sometimes hobbies) are: philosophy, spirituality and religions in general, meditation, psychology and psychoanalysis, history, geography, literature, writing (in particular creative writing, and I’m used to write everyday), art (painting, photography), sciences (vulgarisation level) and cultural matters in general. I travel a lot (as a backpacker), sometimes by foot, and the places I know well are France, the Netherlands, Italy and Serbia.
One of my qualities is my capacity of adaptation, I enjoy preparing documents to help the student to acquire autonomy, but I love speaking too, and it’s the best way to learn a language.
I'm waiting for your message, please when contact me, explain quickly who you are, why you want to study French and what you are looking for exactly.
See you soon.
E. S.
Rosa's lessons are extraordinary. The texts and videos are well chosen to show the different approaches to a subject. I have learned a lot in recent months. I especially had the possibility of opening and widening my horizon. Thank you!
Rosa C.