Imperative in German
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Lesson outline
Hide- 1.What is an imperative in German language and how to use it?
- 2.Usage of the imperative form in German
- 3.Formation of the German imperative sentence
- 3.1.The imperative form of the second-person singular
- 3.1.1.Regular verbs in the present tense
- 3.1.2.Verbs ending in -e
- 3.1.3.Verbs that change vowels
- 3.1.4.Verbs ending on -eln or -ern
- 3.2.The imperative form of the first-person plural
- 3.3.The imperative form of the second-person plural
- 3.4.The imperative form of the third-person plural (courtesy form)
- 3.5.The imperative of the auxiliary verbs
- 3.6.The imperative of the separable verbs
- 3.7.The imperative of the reflexive verbs
- 4.How to form the imperative in an alternative way
- 4.1.Modal verbs instead of the imperative
- 4.2.The infinitive instead of the imperative
- 5.Review of the chapter 'Imperative in German'
- 6.Exercises
- 6.1.Exercise of the German imperative
- 6.2.Exercise of the imperative
- 6.3.Fill in the blanks exercise on the German imperative
What is an imperative in German language and how to use it?
As in English, the German imperative form is about asking someone to do or not to do something. You address the person directly. Therefore, there are only several forms of the imperative. It is used only with:
- 2nd person singular (du)
- 1st person plural (wir)
- 2nd person plural (ihr)
- 3rd person plural (sie)
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Usage of the imperative form in German
The imperative is used to give orders, for claims or requests. Here are the main situations in which the imperative is used:
| When to use imperative | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| To give orders or when you expect something from someone |
|
|
To make a request in a polite way For rules or prohibitions. In this case the courtesy form is used: third person plural (Sie) |
|
|
The imperative of the first person plural is equivalent to English "Let's ...". It is usually used for pleasant proposals. |
|
|
Keep in mind: the usage of the 3rd person plural is a very polite form of asking someone. It's not to give orders in a tough way.
Formation of the German imperative sentence
The imperative is formed in different ways depending on the subject and the type of verb. Some verbs are irregular to the second person singular. The imperative form is very common in German language. Therefore you should really try to memorize them.
The imperative form of the second-person singular
To form the imperative to the second singular person the root of the verb is used in the present without the endings.
There are some differences depending in the type of the verb, so the following chapters will deal with the specifics of it:
- Regular verbs in the present tense
- Verbs ending in -e
- Verbs that change vowels
- Verbs ending on -eln or -ern
Regular verbs in the present tense
Most verbs have regular roots to the second singular person. With these verbs, the imperative is also regular. The imperative form in the colloquial language is built by removing the -en of the infinitive form. See the formation in the table below.
| Verb | Imperative | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| fragen | frag | Frag deine Schwester! | Ask your sister! |
| kommen | komm | Komm her! | Come here! |
| trinken | trink | Trink mehr Wasser! | Drink more water! |
If you want to speak in a very sophisticated way, you add an -e. It must be added when the stem ends in either a, -t, -d, or -ig.
Lauf zur Schule! Laufe zur Schule! - Walk to school!
Fahr langsam! Fahre langsam! - Drive slowly!
Verbs ending in -e
When the stem of the verb ends in -d, -t, -m, -n and is preceded by another consonant, the imperative of the second person singular takes the ending -e. Here are some examples.
| Verb | Imperative | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| öffnen | öffne | Öffne das Fenster! | Open the window! |
| atmen | atme | Atme nicht so laut! | Don't breath that loud! |
| antworten | antworte | Antworte ihm endlich! | Answer him finally! |
Verbs that change vowels
Some strong verbs modify the root vowel to the second singular person. The imperative is therefore irregular and keeps the vowel modified. To get a deeper understanding of this, you can have a look at how irregular verbs are conjugated in the present tense. To form the imperative, just skip the ending -st of the verb in 2nd person singular, present tense.
| Infinitive | Present tense | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| geben | du gibst | Gib her! | Give it to me! |
| helfen | du hilfst | Hilf mir! | Help me! |
| lesen | du ließt | Ließ das! | Read this! |
| nehmen | du nimmst | Nimm das! | Take this! |
Although some verbs take the umlaut to the indicative present to the second person singular, the imperative never takes the umlaut.
| Infinitive | Present tense | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| fahren | du fährst | Fahr schneller! | Go faster! |
| schlafen | du schläfst | Schlaf jetzt! | Sleep now! |
| lassen | du lässt | Lass das! | Stop doing this! |
Verbs ending on -eln or -ern
Verbs with infinitives that end on -eln ou -ern are irregular to the imperative form:
- the verbs on -eln have the ending -le to the imperative
- the verbs on -ern have the ending -ere to the imperative
| Infintitive | Imperative | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| handeln | handle | Handle schnell! | Act quickly! |
| lächeln | lächle | Lächle öfter! | Smile more often! |
| ändern | ändere | Ändere deine Gewohnheiten! | Change your habbits! |
| feiern | feiere | Feiere deinen Geburtstag! | Celebrate your birthday! |
The imperative form of the first-person plural
To form the imperative to the first plural person, you have to keep the form of the present tense. The personal pronoun is also kept but is placed after the verb.
| Infinitive | Present tense | Imperative | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| singen | Wir singen | Singen wir! | Let's sing! |
| machen | Wir machen es | Machen wir es! | Let's do this! |
| gehen | Wir gehen | Gehen wir! | Let's go! |
The imperative form of the second-person plural
To the second plural person, the imperative is always constructed starting from the infinitive of the verb. The form of the present report is kept by simply removing the subject.
| Infinitive | Present tense | Imperative | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| machen | Ihr macht | Macht die Tür auf! | Open up the door! |
| öffnen | Ihr öffnet | Öffnet das Fenster! | Open up the window! |
| kommen | Ihr kommt | Kommt her! | Come here! |
The imperative form of the third-person plural (courtesy form)
To express a formal request or advice, the courtesy imperative is used: the third person plural (Sie). It is formed in the same way as the imperative of the first plural person: infinitive of the verb + personal pronoun. See this in the table below.
| Infinitive | Present tense | Imperative | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| antworten | Sie antworten | Antworten Sie! | Reply to this! |
| nehmen | Sie nehmen | Nehmen Sie das! | Take this! |
| kommen | Sie kommen | Kommen Sie her! | Come here! |
The imperative of the auxiliary verbs
Here is the conjugation of the imperative of auxiliaries in German: sein, haben, werden:
| Sein | Haben | Werden | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd person singular | sei | hab(e) | werde |
| 1st person plural | seien wir | haben wir | werden wir |
| 2nd person plural | seid | habt | werdet |
| 3rd person plural | seien Sie | haben Sie | werden Sie |
Don't mix up the 2nd person plural of the auxiliary 'sein' (seid) with the temporal preposition 'seit'! 'Seit' means 'since'.
The imperative of the separable verbs
When the verb is separable, it divides: the prefix of the verb always goes to the end of the sentence. To understand this, study the following examples:
| Infinitive | Example of imperative | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| aus-gehen | Gehen Sie aus! | Go out! |
| ein-schlafen | Schlaf ein! | Fall asleep! |
| auf-hören | Hör damit auf! | Stop doing this! |
The imperative of the reflexive verbs
The imperative of reflective verbs is regular. The reflective pronoun follows just the verb.
| Infinitive | Example of imperative | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| sich anziehen | Zieh dich an! | Get dressed! |
| sich waschen | Wascht euch gründlich! | Wash yourself thoroughly! |
| sich setzen | Setz dich hin! | Sit down! |
How to form the imperative in an alternative way
There are also other ways to express the imperative: with modal verbs or with infinitives.
Modal verbs instead of the imperative
Modal verbs give more information about the main verb in a sentence. Modal verbs are used, when the speech is reported (in the case of indirect speech):
- 'Mögen' for wishes or courtesy
- 'Sollen', 'dürfen' and 'müssen' for the stronger demands
| Imperative | Indirect speech | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| "Kommen Sie bitte herein." | Sie bittet ihn, er möge hereinkommen. | "Please, come in." / She kindly asks him to come in. |
| "Rauchen Sie hier bitte nicht." | Er verlangt, dass sie nicht rauchen sollen/müssen/dürfen. | "Please, don't smoke here." / He demands that they should not/must not/may not smoke. |
| "Essen Sie doch weniger." | Der Arzt meint, ich solle/müsse weniger essen. | "Just eat less." / The doctor says I should/have to eat less. |
The infinitive instead of the imperative
To express an impersonal and generic order or rule, the infinitive of verbs can be used:
| Example | Translation |
|---|---|
| Bitte anschnallen. | Fasten your seat belts. |
| Rechts fahren. | Do drive on the right side. |
| Nicht aufstehen. | Do not get up. |
| Nicht rauchen. | Do not smoke. |
Very often these expressions are found in public places or in instruction manuals.
Review of the chapter 'Imperative in German'
To recap:
- At the 2nd person singular and plural, the personal pronoun is not expressed.
- In the 1st person plural and in the form of courtesy, the personal pronoun 'subject' is placed after the verb.
- To express the negative imperative, 'nicht' or 'kein' is added.
- In separable verbs, the prefix is placed at the end of the sentence.
- In the case of the inversion, the imperative goes to the second place.
- The verb 'lassen' used to the imperative of the 2nd person singular / plural has the value of an exhortation or a proposal.
- There is also a form of generic imperative that is used to address orders or instructions to the community and which is expressed with the infinite.
| 1st position | 2nd position | 3rd position | 4th position | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bring | bitte | deiner Großmutter | einen Kuchen! | Please, bring a cake to your grandmother. |
| Macht | doch endlich | eure Hausaufgaben! | Finally do your homework! | |
| Lesen | Sie | bitte | den Text! | Please read the text! |
| Rauch | bitte | nicht | so viel! | Please do not smoke that much! |
| Trinken | Sie | bitte | keinen Alkohol! | Please do not drink alcohol! |
| Hör | mir | doch mal | zu! | Listen to me! |
| Bitte | schließen | Sie | das Fenster! | Please close the window! |
| Lass | uns | ins Kino | gehen! | Let's go to the cinema! |
| Keine Gegenstände | aus dem Fenster | werfen! | Do not throw any objects out of the window! |
Now, that you have learned about the usage and the building of the German imperative, test your skills with the free exercises of our website.
Exercises
- Exercise of the German imperative
- Exercise of the imperative
- Fill in the blanks exercise on the German imperative
Exercise of the German imperative
Fill in the missing form of the imperative accoring to the personal pronoun. Pay attention to the the upper case at the beginning of a sentence.
1. Person Plural (wir)
(laufen) wir ersteinmal zum Kino! (Let's go to the cinema first!)
(sein) wir nett zueinander! (Let's be nice to each other!)
(glauben) wir mal das, was der Lehrer gesagt hat! (Let's believe what the teacher said!)
2. Person Singular (du):
(schließen) bitte das Fenster! (Open the window, please!)
(zuschließen) das Tor ! (Lock the gate!)
Wenn du aufgegessen hast, (stellen) bitte dein Geschirr in die Spüle! (When you're finished eating, pleae put your plates in the sink!)
2. Person Plural (ihr):
(aufpassen) gut auf euch ! (Take care of yourselves!)
(aufhören) damit sofort ! (Stop that now!)
(lassen) sie in Ruhe! (Let her be!)
Höflichkeitsform:
(kommen) Sie bitte hier entlang! (Please, come this way)
(aufpassen) Sie bitte ! (Please be careful)
(hinsehen) Sie bitte hier ! (Please look right here)
Exercise of the imperative
Fill in the blanks exercise on the German imperative
Fill in the correct missing form of the imperative by using the word written in brackets.
If you are not sure, take a little recap at the chapter about the imperative in German.
Example: Mach deine Hausaufgaben. (machen, 2nd person singular) (Do your homework.)
1. Bitte keine Gegenstände aus dem Fenster . (werfen, 3rd person plural) (Please do not throw any objects out of the window.)
2. das Geld! (nehmen, 2nd person singular) (Take the money!)
3. das Buch. (lesen, 2nd person singular) (Read the book.)
4. bitte leider. (sprechen, 2nd person plural) (Please speak down.)
5. lieb! (lieb sein, 2nd person singular)
6. nach draußen. (gehen, 2nd person plural.) (Go outside.)
7. Hier bitte nicht . (rauchen, 3rd person plural) (Please do not smoke here.)
8. deine Hausaufgaben. (machen, 2nd person singular) (Do your homework.)
9. ' nicht so viel. (arbeiten, 2nd person singular) (Don't work too much.)
10. ein schönes Wochenende! (haben, 2nd person plural) (Have a nice weekend.)
Exercises
- Exercise of the German imperative
- Exercise of the imperative
- Fill in the blanks exercise on the German imperative
Exercise of the German imperative
Fill in the missing form of the imperative accoring to the personal pronoun. Pay attention to the the upper case at the beginning of a sentence.
1. Person Plural (wir)
(laufen) wir ersteinmal zum Kino! (Let's go to the cinema first!)
(sein) wir nett zueinander! (Let's be nice to each other!)
(glauben) wir mal das, was der Lehrer gesagt hat! (Let's believe what the teacher said!)
2. Person Singular (du):
(schließen) bitte das Fenster! (Open the window, please!)
(zuschließen) das Tor ! (Lock the gate!)
Wenn du aufgegessen hast, (stellen) bitte dein Geschirr in die Spüle! (When you're finished eating, pleae put your plates in the sink!)
2. Person Plural (ihr):
(aufpassen) gut auf euch ! (Take care of yourselves!)
(aufhören) damit sofort ! (Stop that now!)
(lassen) sie in Ruhe! (Let her be!)
Höflichkeitsform:
(kommen) Sie bitte hier entlang! (Please, come this way)
(aufpassen) Sie bitte ! (Please be careful)
(hinsehen) Sie bitte hier ! (Please look right here)
Exercise of the imperative
Fill in the blanks exercise on the German imperative
Fill in the correct missing form of the imperative by using the word written in brackets.
If you are not sure, take a little recap at the chapter about the imperative in German.
Example: Mach deine Hausaufgaben. (machen, 2nd person singular) (Do your homework.)
1. Bitte keine Gegenstände aus dem Fenster . (werfen, 3rd person plural) (Please do not throw any objects out of the window.)
2. das Geld! (nehmen, 2nd person singular) (Take the money!)
3. das Buch. (lesen, 2nd person singular) (Read the book.)
4. bitte leider. (sprechen, 2nd person plural) (Please speak down.)
5. lieb! (lieb sein, 2nd person singular)
6. nach draußen. (gehen, 2nd person plural.) (Go outside.)
7. Hier bitte nicht . (rauchen, 3rd person plural) (Please do not smoke here.)
8. deine Hausaufgaben. (machen, 2nd person singular) (Do your homework.)
9. ' nicht so viel. (arbeiten, 2nd person singular) (Don't work too much.)
10. ein schönes Wochenende! (haben, 2nd person plural) (Have a nice weekend.)
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- ABOUT THE CLASS -
I offer German language lessons for A1, A2, B1, B2 level and they include everything you need: grammar, speaking, writing, pronunciation and vocabulary.
This is ideal for students who want actively participate and speak more, learn new words and exercise the grammar. Or we can learn whatever you need, because I will always adapt to your needs. :)
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All learning materials and exercises are included and will be provided during the lesson.
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Hello,
my name is Veronika and I am a student in Florence at the academy of fine arts. I have been in Italy for three years and I really like the Italian language. In school i learned english and during journeys i used to speak a lot of english so i'm also able to teach in english.
I am from Germany so I am a German native speaker. I have already taught German to some of my friends and would love to teach my language to more people as well. At the beginning I would like to do grammar lessons and the most used words to deepen the basic knowledge of the language. Then I will continue to have conversations in German to increase vocabulary and to give confidence in dialogue and in any case in speaking the language in real scenarios. The most important thing by learning a new language is to learn it through hearing and speaking. Being difficult at first to formulate sentences will then become easier and easier and thus you arrive at a fluent and confident way to speak the new language.
For myself I learned Italian three years ago with this method so I also know what it is like to learn a language and I can help you with my teaching to learn German that way.
I can not wait to start!
greetings Veronika
J. C.
Veronika is a really nice teacher. She is well prepared ahead of the class, she brings the teaching material in a intelligent and helpful manner for each session. She is assertive and can help you understand complex topics in a supportive way. We discussed initially about my goals and have been working systematically towards successfully taking the TELC B1 certificate. I really recommend her to anyone!
Veronika N.
Thank you, Josè !! Congratulations on passing the exam!
I'm a Italian/German bilingual teacher form Florence!
I offer lessons for beginners as well as for advanced speakers. I carry out different kinds of lessons: I could help you for example to prepare for a test, for your trip to Italy or for more advanced needs.
The lessons are focused on improving listening/comprehension skills as well as reading, writing, speaking and grammar.
If you want to know more about my methods, just book a trial lesson! It's free! I hope to see you soon!
M. V.
The lesson was perfectly geared to my needs. As my requirement for learning does not fit easily in any 'set course' or classroom situation, this individual approach, looking at what I need and then providing it, suits me very well indeed. I am very happy with the way in which the teaching / learning experience is going so far and would certainly recommend Niccoló.
Niccolò C.
I am a tutor in French as a foreign language. I specialize in conversation and communication from B1 level upwards, but I also have A2 students with whom I follow a more traditional method.
With me, you can express yourself freely and make mistakes without fear, I'll take note of them without interrupting. Essential is that the conversation flows and that we understand each other.
I am Belgian and my mother tongue is French. I have always loved literature, culture, and languages. I studied in Flanders for 10 years, lived in France and Switzerland for 4 years, and I currently live in Valencia, Spain.
I followed the DAEFLE training (teaching French as a foreign language) in 2017.
My practice: - online conversation / support for self-taught students
- coaching / correction of speeches, lectures and documents
Method: - interests and culture
- videos, images, music, reports, poems
- asking questions and seeking answers online (with guidance)
- I encourage listening to podcasts and the use of applications such as Duolingo outside of class for vocabulary and repetition
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Basic rate 18€/hour
Children under 16: 20€/hour
Cancellation :
- If you cancel / postpone more than 24 hours before the lesson, it will not be charged.
- In case of cancellation / postponing less than 24 hours before the lesson, it will be charged at half price.
A. .
Lessons with Elodie are less like traditional teacher-student lessons, and more like having a conversation with your French-speaking friend. Having no practical necessity to improve my French now, but wishing to do so nevertheless (and not to forget what I already knew), this is exactly the format I was looking for. Elodie usually defines a topic for the lesson (according to my preferences) and sends some materials in advance to prepare (e.g. a YouTube video to watch), which will be discussed then. She corrects persistent mistakes and explains new words but makes sure it does not interrupt the flow of conversation. It is a good language practice, but also a great way to learn new things about francophone culture (and not only!), so I definitely recommend!
Elodie O.
Hello,
my name is Nina, I'm from Austria and I also lived for one year and a half in Canada. I worked there as a German Teacher for adults, so I speak German, English and French.
I also teach English for beginners and advanced beginners.
My teaching methodes are totally based on the level of my student. If somebody is already advanced, I focus on communication and pronunciation. We will arrange on a topic and talk and discuss in the lesson about it.
If my student is a beginner, I'm gonna start with the basics of the German language. (the articles, the verb "to be", the pronouns...)
The learning material is all made by myself, because I'm a German teacher, so that means, I already got lots of working sheets for many topics. I send these to my student via e-mail or put it directly on the coLanguage homepage.
I'm available from Monday to Thursday between 5pm and 08:00 pm. For the weekend it's the best to just send me a request.
Of course is a free trial lesson (it's about 20 minutes) possible.
I'm happy to teach you :-)
See you soon! Nina
D. O.
Sehr Gut lesson. We read some german news, worked on konjugations. Learned new vocab and really worked on pronunciation.
Nina V.
Hi, I am Christin!
After training as a pastry chef and studying business administration, I traveled a lot and discovered my interest in languages. To find out more about teaching languages, I decided on further training at the Goethe Institute and completed it. During the Goethe Institute "Learn to teach German" course I was able to give individual language lessons and actively support the examination preparation for the Goethe certificate.
My lessons are needs-oriented. That means that learning goals are discussed with you and based on your level of knowledge. Whether grammar, sentence structure, pronunciation, expression or the practice of communication situations: German as a foreign and second language classes are flexible and take place in a group or one-to-one lessons with individual support and are based on your wishes and requirements. The teaching of content and topics takes place according to the respective language level. Building vocabulary, grammar and means of speaking are structured and conveyed logically building on each other. Let's get to know each other in a free trial class. I am looking forward to meeting you!
A. B.
Hello, Wie gehts? Ich heiße Anna! What can I say? Learning German language isn´t easy but I´m happy to say that I´ve chosen the right teacher for me. She is very nice and patient. She happily answered all my questions and explain things in a way you can understand easily. She gives you different homeworks in which sometimes I can´t submit on time because I´m currently undergoing surgery and therapy but she is so understanding about it. Now, I somewhat understand some German writings I´ve read without translating it, and i´m just so happy that I am making progress. Thanks Christin!
Christin E.
My name is Christina and I provide German & French language lesson for children and adult beginners or intermediate who want to strengthen their language skills, improve the grammar knowledge, enrich the vocabulary and get into the German culture! I can teach in English or French!
I had experince in teaching German, English and French to foreign people so I do have a lot of useful learning material I can provide you to make it easier!
A. K.
Today, I had a vocabulary boost. It's my third class and I'm happy with the teacher and the teaching method.
Christina F.
Learning a foreign language is a beautiful and awe-inspiring journey which is not strange to me.
Growing in Europe and living in Canada has shaped my thinking abilities to see beyond the surface of individual’s potential to study. It remodeled my senses in a special way to be able to respond with tact and compassion to the needs of my students. In the same time it taught me the value of persistence and creativity. These abilities have helped me to master the art of teaching. Every student makes me a better friend, family member and a person.
So far, I've helped different age groups to converse freely, to read, understand and love both English and Bulgarian. Beside that, my students not just improve their grades at school. Some of them became English teachers themselves.
No two students are exactly alike. That's why I mostly use personalized learning method. It builds a learning experience that addresses the unique abilities of each student.
Another method of teaching that I use is Learning by experiment. In that way students learn by doing. I create experiences for them to see the concepts in action. I found out that students tend to remember better when they see and then discuss what they learn from what they saw.
Beside these methods you will enjoy Modeling, Mistakes, Feedback and one of my top methods: Lesson Objective Transparency. When I clearly state my lesson goals and write it on the board, then you will feel relax because you will know what you are working towards.
Please, be assured you won’t regret giving me the opportunity to help you!
V. F.
Didi is a very friendly and experienced teacher. She makes her lesson very interesting and easy to follow. She loves teaching and supports her students during their learning path.
This review was written by a coLanguage team member during a manual screening of this teacher profile.
Didi B.