Structure of complex Italian sentences
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A sentence is complex when it's formed by a main clause and a clause that depends on it or a clause that is in some way connected to it.
Lesson outline
Hide- 1.Coordinated/Dependent clauses
- 1.1.Relative sentences (who, which, that)
- 1.1.1.Relative clauses (omittable information)
- 1.1.2.Relative clauses (non-omittable quality)
- 1.2.Indirect questions and reported speech
- 1.3.Infinitive phrases
- 2.Exercises
- 2.1.Exercise on Italian complex sentences - Drag text
- 2.2.Exercise on Italian complex clauses (relatives) - Single choice set
- 2.3.Exercise on Italian complex sentences (indirect questions/reported speech) - Drag text
- 2.4.Exercise on Italian complex sentences (infinitives) - Drag text
Coordinated/Dependent clauses
It's possible to add to a main clause a coordinated clause, introduced by coordinating conjunctions, and/or a dependent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction.
Coordinated/Dependent clauses: (Main clause) + Conjunction + Second clause + (Main clause)
| Type of clause | Main clause | Second clause | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coordinated (coordinating conjunction) | L'insegnante parla | e gli alunni ascoltano. | The teacher talks and the pupils listen. |
| Dependent (subordinating conjunction) | Io cucino | mentre tu riposi. | I cook while you rest. |
To form complex sentences, it's possible to add a dependent clause before or after the main sentence.
Dependent clauses are usually separated from the main clause by a comma.
Dependent clauses are usually separated from the main clause by a comma.
| Italian | English |
|---|---|
| Mentre Luigi andava a casa, il sole iniziava a tramontare. | While Luigi was going home, the sun was starting to set. |
| Io cucino e il gatto dorme. | I cook and the cat sleeps. |
| (Loro) Pensavano che lo sapessi, ma io non lo sapevo. | They thought I knew, but I didn't know. |
In this lesson we will analize the structure of the following types of complex clauses:
- Relative sentences;
- Indirect questions and reported speech;
- Infinitive phrases.
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Relative sentences (who, which, that)
Relative clauses specify something about an element that has already been introduced.
In English, relative clauses are introduce by who, which, that.
In Italian we use the following pronouns:
| Masculine singular | Feminine singular | Masculine plural | Feminine plural | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Che | Che | Che | Che | Who / which / that |
| Cui | Cui | Cui | Cui | Who /which / that (preceded by a preposition) |
| Il quale | La quale | I quali | Le quali | Who / which / that (formal/less used) |
There are two main structure options of relative clauses:
- Relative clauses where the information is omittable;
- Relative clauses that specify a non-omittable quality.
Relative clauses (omittable information)
This type of clause includes an information which could be also easily omitted; the sentence would still make sense.
Relative clauses (omittable information): Subject + [Comma + Relative pronoun + Verb + Object + Comma] + Main verb + Rest of the sentence
| Italian | English |
|---|---|
| La vicina di casa, [la quale si è trasferita lo scorso anno], si chiama Paola. | The neighbor, who moved in last year, is called Paola. |
| Il primo figlio di Chiara, [il cui marito si chiama Leo], è appena nato. | Chiara's first son, whose husband's name is Leo, was born a while ago. |
| Giovanni, [che si è lasciato da poco con la ragazza], è molto triste. | Giovanni, who recenty broke up with his girlfriend, is very sad. |
Relative clauses (non-omittable quality)
This second structure includes a relative sentence that can't be omitted because it specifies a distinctive quality of the element it refers to.
Relative clauses (non-omittable quality): Subject + Relative pronoun + Verb + Other elements] + Main verb + Rest of the sentence
| Italian | English |
|---|---|
| La torta che era stata bruciata non è stata servita al matrimonio. | The cake that had been burnt wasn't served at the wedding. |
| La bicicletta che hai messo fuori è tutta bagnata. | The bycicle you put outside is all wet. |
| La stanza in cui dormi è al piano di sopra. | The room you sleep in is upstairs. |
Both these structure are usually placed close to the element they refer to.
Indirect questions and reported speech
Indirect questions are subordinate prepositions that introduce a doubt, a question.
Reported speeech is used to explain what somebody said.
They are usually introduced by the following words:
| Verbs | Chiedere (To ask), Pensare (Think), Credere (To believe) |
|---|---|
| Names | Domanda (Question), Dubbio (Doubt) |
| Adjectives | Curioso (Curious), Dubbioso (Doubtful) |
| Prepositions | Se (If), Come (How), Perchè (Why), Quando (When), Quanto (How much) |
| Conjunctions | Che (That) |
| Interrogative adjectives and pronouns | Chi (Who), Il quale (Which/That), Che cosa/Cosa (What), Quanto (How much) |
Indirect questions/speech: Subject/(Personal pronoun) + Introductory element + Rest of the sentence
| Italian | English |
|---|---|
| Mi chiedo come sia possibile dormire 3 ore a notte. | I'm wondering how you could possibly sleep 3 hours per night. |
| Non si capisce cosa voglia fare. | You don't manage to understand what he will do. |
| Mario ha detto che è curioso di conoscere il risultato finale. | Mario said he was curious to know the final score. |
Infinitive phrases
Infinitive phrases express an action using the infinitive mood.
Infinitive phrase: Main clause + Preposition/No connecting element + Verb on the infinitive mood (+ Rest of the sentence)
Let's analize the following examples.
| Italian | English |
|---|---|
| Mi ha dato il libro di matematica per studiare. | He gave the Maths book to study. |
| E' facile raggiungere la stazione. | It's easy to reach the railways station. |
Exercises
- Exercise on Italian complex sentences - Drag text
- Exercise on Italian complex clauses (relatives) - Single choice set
- Exercise on Italian complex sentences (indirect questions/reported speech) - Drag text
- Exercise on Italian complex sentences (infinitives) - Drag text
Exercise on Italian complex sentences - Drag text
Exercise on Italian complex clauses (relatives) - Single choice set
Exercise on Italian complex sentences (indirect questions/reported speech) - Drag text
Exercise on Italian complex sentences (infinitives) - Drag text
Exercises
- Exercise on Italian complex sentences - Drag text
- Exercise on Italian complex clauses (relatives) - Single choice set
- Exercise on Italian complex sentences (indirect questions/reported speech) - Drag text
- Exercise on Italian complex sentences (infinitives) - Drag text
Exercise on Italian complex sentences - Drag text
Exercise on Italian complex clauses (relatives) - Single choice set
Exercise on Italian complex sentences (indirect questions/reported speech) - Drag text
Exercise on Italian complex sentences (infinitives) - Drag text
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Are you seeking a friendly and dynamic study environment ? I got what you need. I am looking forward to being in touch with new students and organize pleasant, interesting and fruitful courses.
Do you wish to learn or improve your Italian to speak with your parents or friends? Do you need Italian for work or study ? Do you simply love Italian language and culture ? Do you need to improve your writing skills ?
My classes are tailored on your needs and considering your level of knowledge, I create a proper course plan. Classes focus on language and on the possibility for you to improve your ability to speak and understand Italian in your daily life or in work.
I offer 1-to-1 or 2-to-1 tuition, general Italian courses (grammar, conversation, listening, reading and writing), preparation to Italian examinations (all levels, also Italian for residence permit) and Italian and culture courses.
Grammar, vocabulary exercises, reading articles and magazines and talking together are all tools to feel at ease with the Italian language and then be able to practice it.
I have worked with children, adolescents and adults for all levels of Italian, from beginner to advanced. I have experience in preparing students to international certification (CILS, PLIDA). I was an A2/B1 Telc examiner.
Learning Italian can be closely related to culture, literature, music, sport and any other interest of my students.
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