Past perfect subjunctive (trapassato congiuntivo)
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The past perfect subjunctive (or trapassato congiuntivo) is the the last tense of the subjunctive mood in Italian.
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The trapassato congiuntivo appears in the same contexts in which both other subjunctive tenses appear.
Indeed, it is used in independent and dependent (i.e. final, concessive, conditional, relative and temporal) clauses to convey:
Example | Translation |
---|---|
Sembrava dubitare che Giovanni fosse andato alla festa. | She seemed to suspect that Giovanni hadn't ever gone to the party. |
Se tu fossi stato più attento, non avresti fatto nessun incidente. | If you had been more careful, you would have never had any accident. |
Sebbene tu non avessi detto nulla, qualcuno ha dubitato di te. | Even though you haven't said anything, someone suspected you. |
As it's worth for the imperfect tense of the subjunctive, the past perfect's main function is to convey hypothetical messages.
When Italian speakers use the past perfect subjunctive, they want to express hypothesis referring to a past event.
Conversely to the imperfect subjunctive, if you use the past perfect subjunctive you are going to suppose that an unreal and nearly impossible event will happen.
The most important thing to remember to form the periodo ipotetico is that: if the main clause has a past conditional verb, the dependent clause will have the past perfect subjunctive.
Let's see some examples:
Dependent clause (protasis): trapassato congiuntivo | Main clause (apodosis): condizionale passato |
---|---|
Se ella non fosse stata spaventata, (If she hadn't been scared) | sarebbe stata contenta. (she would have been very pleased) |
Se noi non avessimo parlato di lui, (If we hadn't talked about him) | probabilmente non sarebbe successo nulla. (probably nothing would ever happened) |
The hypothetical sentences of irreality (with past tenses) must be always expressed by the conditional mood in the main clause and the subjunctive in the dependent clause.
The congiuntivo trapassato follows the same complex structure of the congiuntivo passato.
Hence, it is formed using the imperfect subjunctive of the auxiliary (essere or avere) with the past participle of the specific verb.
Let's see some example for the three conjugations.
Auxiliary | Past Participle | Example | Translation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Che) io | avessi | incontrato | Se io non la avessi mai incontrata, sarei rimasta sola. | If I had never met her, I would probably have been lonely. |
(Che) tu | avessi | incontrato | Non ero sicuro che tu lo avessi incontrato veramente. | I wasn't sure you had really met him. |
(Che) egli / ella | avesse | incontrato | Se ella non ci avesse incontrato, sarebbe tornata a casa a piedi. | If she hadn't met us, she probably would have walked home. |
(Che) noi | avessimo | incontrato | Nonostante ti avessimo incontrato pochi giorni fa, non ti abbiamo riconosciuto. | Even though we have met some days ago, we didn't recognize you. |
(Che) voi | aveste | incontrato | Se non lo aveste incontrato, chissà cosa sarebbe successo. | If you had never met him, who knows what would have happened. |
(Che) essi / esse | avessero | incontrato | Sebbene loro avessero incontrato quel ragazzo alla festa, non ne ricordavano il nome. | Even though they had met that boy at the party, they weren't able to recall his name. |
Auxiliary | Past Participle | Example | Translation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Che) io | avessi | creduto | Se io ti avessi creduto, non so cosa sarebbe accaduto. | If I had believed you, I don't know what would have happened. |
(Che) tu | avessi | creduto | Avevo dubitato che tu mi avessi creduto. | I suspected you hadn't believed me. |
(Che) egli / ella | avesse | creduto | Sebbene tu le avessi creduto, era ancora triste. | Even though you had believed her, she was still sad. |
(Che) noi | avessimo | creduto | Pensavano che noi ci avessimo creduto. | They though we had believed it. |
(Che) voi | aveste | creduto | Cosa sarebbe successo se voi ci aveste creduto? | What would have happened if you had believed that? |
(Che) essi / esse | avessero | creduto | Se essi avessero scoperto quello che noi avevamo fatto, saremmo finiti nei guai. | If they found out what we have done, we would have got in trouble. |
Auxiliary | Past Participle | Example | Translation | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Che) io | avessi | sentito | Non sapevi che io ti avessi sentito arrivare? | Didn't you know I have heard you coming? |
(Che) tu | avessi | sentito | Non sapevo che tu mi avessi sentito arrivare. | I didn't know you had heard me coming. |
(Che) egli / ella | avesse | sentito | Non eravamo sicuri che ella ci avesse sentito arrivare. | We weren't sure that she had heard us coming. |
(Che) noi | avessimo | sentito | Si chiedeva se noi l'avessimo sentita arrivare. | She was wondering if we had heard her coming. |
(Che) voi | aveste | sentito | Come facevamo a sapere se voi ci aveste sentito arrivare? | How could we know if you had heard us coming? |
(Che) essi / esse | avessero | sentito | Non avevo idea di quando mi avessero sentito arrivare. | I haven't understood when they had heard me coming. |
Italian language has a lot of irregular verbs that don't follow any inflectional pattern or any grammatical rule. This type of verbs has some particular forms that must be learned by heart.
Most irregular verbs in Italian are from the -ere conjugation.
Concerning the past perfect subjunctive, as we have seen for past subjunctive, we are mostly interested in the past participle irregular forms.
Fare (to do) | Vedere (to see) | Scegliere (to choose) | Leggere (to read) | Porre (to put) | Rimanere (to stay) | Perdere (to loose) | Prendere (to take) | Chiedere (to ask) | Apparire (to appear) | Dire (to say) | Aprire (to open) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Che) io | avessi fatto | avessi visto | avessi scelto | avessi letto | avessi posto | fossi* rimasto/a | avessi perso | avessi preso | avessi chiesto | fossi* apparso/a | avessi detto | avessi aperto |
(Che) tu | avessi fatto | avessi visto | avessi scelto | avessi letto | avessi posto | fossi* rimasto/a | avessi perso | avessi preso | avessi chiesto | fossi* apparso/a | avessi detto | avessi aperto |
(Che) egli / ella | avesse fatto | avesse visto | avesse scelto | avesse letto | avesse posto | fosse* rimasto/a | avesse perso | avesse preso | avesse chiesto | fosse* apparso/a | avesse detto | avesse aperto |
(Che) noi | avessimo fatto | avessimo visto | avessimo scelto | avessimo letto | avessimo posto | fossimo* rimasti/e | avessimo perso | avessimo preso | avessimo chiesto | fossimo* apparsi/e | avessimo detto | avessimo aperto |
(Che) voi | aveste fatto | aveste visto | aveste scelto | aveste letto | aveste posto | foste* rimasti/e | aveste perso | aveste preso | aveste chiesto | foste* apparsi/e | aveste detto | aveste aperto |
(Che) essi / esse | avessero fatto | avessero visto | abbiano scelto | abbiano letto | abbiano posto | siano rimasti/e | abbiano perso | abbiano preso | abbiano chiesto | siano* apparsi/e | abbiano detto | abbiano aperto |
* Remember! All the transitive verbs in Italian use essere as auxiliary; all the intransitive ones use avere.
As we said before, transitive verbs are followed by an object and their auxiliary verb is avere.
Non ero sicura che voi aveste fatto i compiti. (I weren't sure you have done your homework)
Intransitive verbs cannot be followed by an object and their auxiliary verb is essere.
As we have seen for the congiuntivo passato, some verbs (e.g. correre, salire, scendere) can be both transitive and intransitive and have both essere and avere.
Correre (to run) | Salire (to go up, to get in) | Scendere (to go down, to descend) | |
---|---|---|---|
(Che) io | avessi corso - fossi corso/a | avessi salito - fossi salito/a | avessi sceso - fossi sceso/a |
(Che) tu | avessi corso - fossi corso/a | avessi salito - fossi salito/a | avessi sceso - fossi sceso/a |
(Che) egli / ella | avesse corso - fosse corso/a | avesse salito - fosse salito/a | avesse sceso - fosse sceso/a |
(Che) noi | avessimo corso - fossimo corsi/e | avessimo salito - fossimo saliti/e | avessimo sceso - fossimo scesi/e |
(Che) voi | aveste corso - foste corsi/e | aveste salito - foste saliti/e | aveste sceso - foste scesi/e |
(Che) essi / esse | avessero corso - fossero corsi/e | avessero salito - fossero saliti/e | avessero sceso - fossero scesi/e |
These verbs use avere when the focus of the sentence is on the action. The use of essere occurs when the focus is on the destination, the purpose or the aim of the action.
e.g. Pensavo che Luca avesse corso il rischio di perdere la partita. (I thought that Luca had run the risk of loosing the game)
Pensavo che Luca fosse corso in suo aiuto. (I thought that Luca had rushed to her aid)
Below, you will find the trapassato congiuntivo of essere and of avere.
Essere (to be) | Avere (to have) | |
---|---|---|
(Che) io | fossi stato/a | avessi avuto |
(Che) tu | fossi stato/a | avessi avuto |
(Che) egli / ella | fosse stato/a | avesse avuto |
(Che) noi | fossimo stati/e | avessimo avuto |
(Che) voi | foste stati/e | aveste avuto |
(Che) essi / esse | fossero stati/e | avessero avuto |
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I am a teacher of Italian to Speakers of Other Languages with many years of experience in teaching in public and private schools. I have taught Italian to speakers of other languages in schools, in migratory contexts and in vocational training at all levels (from pre A1 to C2 ). I have gained experience as a teacher with Arabic-speaking, Slavic-speaking, German-speaking, French-speaking, Spanish-speaking, Sinophone, Lusophone and Anglophone students, and have taught literacy courses for asylum seekers and refugees. I did a training internship as a lecturer in Italian at the Department of Romance at the University of Salzburg. I completed my training by teaching Italian to learners with special educational needs. Moreover, I am a CILS, CELI and PLIDA examiner for the speaking part. I also speak German, English and French and I successfully completed my Celta in October 2020.
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Hi, guys! My name is Lucia and I would like to invite you to learn Italian with me.
I am both a native speaker and a QUALIFIED teacher, as I hold a post-graduate degree in “Teaching Italian as a second language” and a national certification as teacher of Italian to not-native speaking.
My teaching method is COMMUNICATION-oriented and involves also the study of Italian culture and grammar. Indeed, as it happens in your mother language, the knowledge of spare words is not enough to get able to speak (i.e. INTERACT!) properly and conveniently.
I’ll prepare for you all teaching materials, tailoring lessons to your needs and interests, taking advantage from both the huge number of textbooks I hold and my creativity!
I offer lessons for all levels, from absolute beginners to advanced, as well as support in preparation to certification exams (I am also qualified ad examiner for the oral part of CELI).
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Lucia is wonderful! She speaks clearly, is encouraging and engaging. The material she provides is relevant and makes learning fun!
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I grew up in the outside of Paris, I travelled all over the world and I live in Spain for 10 years now.
I'm a musician, a dancer and I love to cook and hike.
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For me, each language is a way of seeing and interpreting the world, as glasses of different colors.
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Hi, guys! My name is Lucia and I would like to invite you to learn Italian with me.
I am both a native speaker and a QUALIFIED teacher, as I hold a post-graduate degree in “Teaching Italian as a second language” and a national certification as teacher of Italian to not-native speaking.
My teaching method is COMMUNICATION-oriented and involves also the study of Italian culture and grammar. Indeed, as it happens in your mother language, the knowledge of spare words is not enough to get able to speak (i.e. INTERACT!) properly and conveniently.
I’ll prepare for you all teaching materials, tailoring lessons to your needs and interests, taking advantage from both the huge number of textbooks I hold and my creativity!
I offer lessons for all levels, from absolute beginners to advanced, as well as support in preparation to certification exams (I am also qualified ad examiner for the oral part of CELI).
Do not hesitate to get in contact with me to find a suitable time-slot for your trial lesson!
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Wonderful teacher with a broad knowledge of the structures of various languages, which I think helps to better understand students’ needs depending on their native language. Lucia uses a sophisticated platform where a student can easily find all the materials, test, or ask questions in the preparation for the next class. The class is structured in a very entertaining way, and she also has an examination focused approach if needed. Great experience, totally recommend.
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Hello my name is Lucia and I am a native Italian speaker.
I have a degree as an interpreter for English and French so I know how hard it may be to learn a foreign language. I work as a free-lance interpreter and private English and French teacher. I have a strong passion for languages which I have been studying for many years. I am studying Spanish now and always trying to improve my English and French knowledge. I am a friendly person and my lessons mainly focus on conversation. As a teacher I am very patient and I always propose tailor-made lessons with respect to your needs. I am really enthusiastic about being a teacher because this activity allows you to share your culture and habits with foreign people. Learning a language is also learning a new culture.
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Hi everyone!
My name is Daniela, I am Italian and I come from a small town in Sicily, Southern Italy. I am a qualified Italian language teacher and a CELI examiner! I work in two language schools teaching Italian and I also teach English at school.
I love foreign languages, translating, reading and listening to music. Are you ready to start your language learning path with me? We are going to learn many things and to talk a lot, if you allow me to! Don’t worry if you’ve never studied the language before: everyone can attend my classes – from beginner to advanced students. You just need passion for what you're going to do and... a good Internet connection. Materials are provided by me!
See you online!
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Very Nice communication, easy to study and practice Italiano, I am a Beginner and She has the patience to understand me.
Daniela V.Hola Pedro, thanks for your words. I'm glad you enjoyed our first class. Get ready, we are going to learn more and more! :-D
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Louise is a very kind teacher with materials based on what you want to learn. I totally recommend her.
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Hello everyone! I have been teaching Italian to foreigners in Bologna for 10 years, collaborating with local associations. I graduated in History, but later I specialized in teaching Italian by obtaining the Ditals, and in 2019 a master's degree at the Ca 'Foscari University of Venice in "Advanced planning of teaching Italian language and culture to foreigners". I love my job very much and I do it with dedication and passion. I have experience with students of all levels of Italian, from beginners to advanced, and in preparing for language tests. I adapt my teaching methods to the characteristics and training needs of my students, so as to favor a more effective, engaging and motivating learning. The materials I use are authentic, original texts and videos adapted for educational purposes. I love to use computer technologies for the preparation of interactive exercises, especially for the exercise of grammar. If you want to learn Italian in an engaging and motivating way, contact me! I'm waiting for you for a trial lesson!
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Hello, everybody ! My name is Elena. I’m a native Italian speaker, I’m 49 years old and live in Turin. I am a certified CEDILS teacher, I graduated in Foreign Languages and Literature in Milan and have been working as a teacher of Italian for more than 10 years. I speak English and German. I attended specialization courses for Italian L2 teachers and I am interviewer for C1 PLIDA exam.
Are you seeking a friendly and dynamic study environment ? I got what you need. I am looking forward to being in touch with new students and organize pleasant, interesting and fruitful courses.
Do you wish to learn or improve your Italian to speak with your parents or friends? Do you need Italian for work or study ? Do you simply love Italian language and culture ? Do you need to improve your writing skills ?
My classes are tailored on your needs and considering your level of knowledge, I create a proper course plan. Classes focus on language and on the possibility for you to improve your ability to speak and understand Italian in your daily life or in work.
I offer 1-to-1 or 2-to-1 tuition, general Italian courses (grammar, conversation, listening, reading and writing), preparation to Italian examinations (all levels, also Italian for residence permit) and Italian and culture courses.
Grammar, vocabulary exercises, reading articles and magazines and talking together are all tools to feel at ease with the Italian language and then be able to practice it.
I have worked with children, adolescents and adults for all levels of Italian, from beginner to advanced. I have experience in preparing students to international certification (CILS, PLIDA). I was an A2/B1 Telc examiner.
Learning Italian can be closely related to culture, literature, music, sport and any other interest of my students.
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Elena is an excellent, experienced teacher. A true professional. She is patient with my beginner-level Italian language skills. She will quickly assess your skill level (or lack thereof) and present an appropriate level of instruction to ensure rapid growth. She will encourage you to use Italian during lessons to expedite your learning curve. I highly recommend her.
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Hi! My name is Federica, and I am a certified teacher of Italian as a foreign language.
I have 3 + years of experience as a teacher, and I have also been a translator/proofreader for almost three decades. I can speak English, a bit of German, French and Spanish, as well as very, very basic Swedish. In short, I know just how it feels to be a learner of a foreign language, too!
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But enough about me. Let's talk about you! What is your current level and what are your short- and long-term goals in learning Italian? Book a free trial lesson (half an hour) with me. We'll talk about your goals and discuss how best to achieve them.
Hope to meet you soon!
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She speaks so softly and understandable. Always cooperating with the student. I'd recommend her especially for grammar studies.
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A useful lesson; some new grammar and vocabulary and Jose continues to encourage me to express myself in Portuguese.
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