Past subjunctive in Italian (congiuntivo passato)
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Lesson outline
Hide- 1.What is the congiuntivo passato in Italian?
- 1.1.When to use the past subjunctive in Italian
- 1.2.Dependent clauses with past subjunctive in Italian
- 2.How to conjugate the congiuntivo passato in Italian
- 2.1.Regular verbs in Italian past subjunctive
- 2.1.1.Verbs of -are conjugation
- 2.1.2.Verbs of -ere conjugation
- 2.1.3.Verbs of -ire conjugation
- 2.2.Irregular verbs in Italian past subjunctive
- 2.3.The congiuntivo passato of transitive and intransitive verbs
- 2.3.1.Some exceptions
- 3.Auxiliary verbs in Italian past subjunctive: che io sia stato / che io abbia avuto
- 4.Exercises
- 4.1.Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the passato congiuntivo in Italian
- 4.2.True or false? Choose the right answer to these sentences about past subjunctive
- 4.3.Choose the correct form for the passato congiuntivo of the following verbs
What is the congiuntivo passato in Italian?
The congiuntivo passato is the past tense of the subjunctive mood in Italian.
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When to use the past subjunctive in Italian
Italian speakers tend to use the past subjunctive in the same contexts of the congiuntivo presente. That is:
- to express wishes, doubts or to give an order (in particular, in the independent clauses)
- to express a thought and a personal opinion, or to make an objective observation
- express an hypothesis or the result of an action
Furthermore, the past subjunctive appears in the same clauses (i.e. che, final, concessive, temporal and conditional clauses) where also the present subjunctive is frequently used.
| Example | Translation |
|---|---|
| Che sia già arrivata? | Has she already arrived? |
| Credo che abbiano avuto un contrattempo. | I guess they had an unforeseen difficulty. |
| Sebbene abbiano avuto tempo, non hanno fatto i compiti. | Even though they had time, they didn't do their homeworks. |
| Nonostante voi ci abbiate pensato, avete fatto comunque la scelta sbagliata. | Although you've thought about it, you made the wrong choice anyway. |
Dependent clauses with past subjunctive in Italian
The past subjunctive usually appears in the dependent clause. In this case, its presence depends on what tense is used in the main clause.
The congiuntivo passato follows an important rule called consecutio temporum: the clauses must present an agreement of tenses between their verbs.
| Main clause: indicativo presente | Dependent clause: present subjunctive / past subjunctive |
|---|---|
| Io immagino (I guess) | che tu prenda il mio caricatore. (that you would take my charger) - contemporaneity |
| Io immagino (I guess) | che tu abbia preso il mio caricatore. (that you took my charger) - anteriority |
How to conjugate the congiuntivo passato in Italian
The past subjunctive follows the same structure of the present perfect in the indicative mood.
Hence, it is formed using the presente congiuntivo of the auxiliary (essere or avere) with the past participle of the specific verb.
Let's see some example for the three conjugations.
Regular verbs in Italian past subjunctive
Verbs of -are conjugation
| Auxiliary | Past participle | Example | Translation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Che) io | abbia | portato | Pensano che io abbia portato la torta. | They think I brought the cake. |
| (Che) tu | abbia | portato | Credo che tu abbia portato la torta. | I think you brought the cake. |
| (Che) egli / ella | abbia | portato | Sono sicura che egli abbia portato la torta. | I am sure that he brought the cake. |
| (Che) noi | abbiamo | portato | Temono che noi non abbiamo portato la torta. | They're afraid we didn't bring the cake. |
| (Che) voi | abbiate | portato | Mi chiedo se voi abbiate portato la torta. | I am asking myself if they brought the cake. |
| (Che) essi / esse | abbiano | portato | Ella non sa se loro abbiano portato la torta. | She doesn't know if they brought the cake. |
Verbs of -ere conjugation
| Auxiliary | Past participle | Example | Translation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Che) io | abbia | creduto | Pensi veramente che io ci abbia creduto? | Do you really think that I believed it? |
| (Che) tu | abbia | creduto | Sono davvero sicuro che tu ci abbia creduto. | I am really sure that you believed that. |
| (Che) egli / ella | abbia | creduto | Odiano il fatto che ella ci abbia creduto. | They hate that she believed that. |
| (Che) noi | abbiamo | creduto | Non saprei dirti se ci abbiamo veramente creduto. | I can't tell if we really believed it. |
| (Che) voi | abbiate | creduto | Chissà che non ci abbiate creduto! | Maybe you believed that! |
| (Che) essi / esse | abbiano | creduto | Vorrei sapere se ci abbiano creduto o meno. | I would like to know if they believed that or not. |
Verbs of -ire conjugation
| Auxiliary | Past participle | Example | Translation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Che) io | abbia | sentito | Non sei sicuro che io abbia sentito quel rumore? | Aren't you sure I heard that noise? |
| (Che) tu | abbia | sentito | Nonostante tu abbia sentito quel rumore, non c'è nessuno in casa. | Even though you heard that noise, nobody is home. |
| (Che) egli / ella | abbia | sentito | Non c'è dubbio che ella abbia sentito uno strano rumore. | It's undeniable she heard a strange noise. |
| (Che) noi | abbiamo | sentito | Mi chiedo se abbiamo veramente sentito quel rumore. | I'm wondering if we have really heard that noise. |
| (Che) voi | abbiate | sentito | Ma siamo sicuri che voi abbiate sentito quello strano rumore? | Are we sure you have heard that strange noise? |
| (Che) essi / esse | abbiano | sentito | Temo che esse abbiano sentito qualche strano rumore. | I'm afraid they have heard some strange noise. |
Irregular verbs in Italian past subjunctive
Italian language has a lot of irregular verbs that don't follow any inflectional pattern or any grammatical rule. This type of verbs has some particular forms that must be learned by heart.
Most irregular verbs in Italian are from the -ere conjugation.
Concerning the past subjunctive, we are mostly interested in the past participle irregular forms.
| Fare (to do) | Vedere (to see) | Scegliere (to choose) | Leggere (to read) | Porre (to put) | Rimanere (to stay) | Perdere (to loose) | Prendere (to take) | Chiedere (to ask) | Apparire (to appear) | Dire (to say) | Aprire (to open) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Che) io | abbia fatto | abbia visto | abbia scelto | abbia letto | abbia posto | sia* rimasto/a | abbia perso | abbia preso | abbia chiesto | sia* apparso/a | abbia detto | abbia aperto |
| (Che) tu | abbia fatto | abbia visto | abbia scelto | abbia letto | abbia posto | sia* rimasto/a | abbia perso | abbia preso | abbia chiesto | sia* apparso/a | abbia detto | abbia aperto |
| (Che) egli / ella | abbia fatto | abbia visto | abbia scelto | abbia letto | abbia posto | sia* rimasto/a | abbia perso | abbia preso | abbia chiesto | sia* apparso/a | abbia detto | abbia aperto |
| (Che) noi | abbiamo fatto | abbiamo visto | abbiamo scelto | abbiamo letto | abbiamo posto | siamo* rimasti/e | abbiamo perso | abbiamo preso | abbiamo chiesto | siamo* apparsi/e | abbiamo detto | abbiamo aperto |
| (Che) voi | abbiate fatto | abbiate visto | abbiate scelto | abbiate letto | abbiate posto | siate* rimasti/e | abbiate perso | abbiate preso | abbiate chiesto | siate* apparsi/e | abbiate detto | abbiate aperto |
| (Che) essi / esse | abbiano fatto | abbiano visto | abbiano scelto | abbiano letto | abbiano posto | siano rimasti/e | abbiano perso | abbiano preso | abbiano chiesto | siano* apparsi/e | abbiano detto | abbiano aperto |
* Remember! All the transitive verbs in Italian use essere as auxiliary; all the intransitive ones use avere.
The congiuntivo passato of transitive and intransitive verbs
As we said before, transitive verbs are followed by an object and their auxiliary verb is avere.
Non sono sicura che voi abbiate fatto i compiti. (I am not sure you did your homework)
Intransitive verbs cannot be followed by an object and their auxiliary verb is essere.
- Gli dispiace che loro non siano rimasti. (He feels sorry because they didn't stay)
Some exceptions
Some verbs (e.g. correre, salire, scendere) can be both transitive and intransitive and have both essere and avere.
| Correre (to run) | Salire (to go up, to get in) | Scendere (to go down, to descend) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Che) io | abbia corso - sia corso/a | abbia salito - sia salito/a | abbia sceso - sia sceso/a |
| (Che) tu | abbia corso - sia corso/a | abbia salito - sia salito/a | abbia sceso - sia sceso/a |
| (Che) egli / ella | abbia corso - sia corso/a | abbia salito - sia salito/a | abbia sceso - sia sceso/a |
| (Che) noi | abbiamo corso - siamo corsi/e | abbiamo salito - siamo saliti/e | abbiamo sceso - siamo scesi/e |
| (Che) voi | abbiate corso - siamo corsi/e | abbiate salito - siamo saliti/e | abbiate sceso - siamo scesi/e |
| (Che) essi / esse | abbiano corso - siano corsi/e | abbiano salito - siano saliti/e | abbiano sceso - siano scesi/e |
These verbs have avere when the focus of the sentence is on the action. They have essere when the focus is on the destination, the purpose or the aim of the action.
e.g. Penso che Luca abbia corso il rischio di perdere la partita. (I think that Luca ran the risk of loosing the game)
Penso che Luca sia corso in suo aiuto. (I think that Luca rushed to his aid)
Auxiliary verbs in Italian past subjunctive: che io sia stato / che io abbia avuto
Below, you will find the past subjunctive of essere and of avere.
| Essere (to be) | Avere (to have) | |
|---|---|---|
| (Che) io | sia stato/a | abbia avuto |
| (Che) tu | sia stato/a | abbia avuto |
| (Che) egli / ella | sia stato/a | abbia avuto |
| (Che) noi | siamo stati/e | abbiamo avuto |
| (Che) voi | siate stati/e | abbiate avuto |
| (Che) essi / esse | siano stati/e | abbiano avuto |
Exercises
- Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the passato congiuntivo in Italian
- True or false? Choose the right answer to these sentences about past subjunctive
- Choose the correct form for the passato congiuntivo of the following verbs
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the passato congiuntivo in Italian
True or false? Choose the right answer to these sentences about past subjunctive
Choose the correct form for the passato congiuntivo of the following verbs
Exercises
- Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the passato congiuntivo in Italian
- True or false? Choose the right answer to these sentences about past subjunctive
- Choose the correct form for the passato congiuntivo of the following verbs
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the passato congiuntivo in Italian
True or false? Choose the right answer to these sentences about past subjunctive
Choose the correct form for the passato congiuntivo of the following verbs
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My name is Daniela, I am Italian and I come from a small town in Sicily, Southern Italy. I am a qualified Italian language teacher and a CELI examiner! I work in two language schools teaching Italian and I also teach English at school.
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Hi everyone!
My name is Daniela, I am Italian and I come from a small town in Sicily, Southern Italy. I am a qualified Italian language teacher and a CELI examiner! I work in two language schools teaching Italian and I also teach English at school.
I love foreign languages, translating, reading and listening to music. Are you ready to start your language learning path with me? We are going to learn many things and to talk a lot, if you allow me to! Don’t worry if you’ve never studied the language before: everyone can attend my classes – from beginner to advanced students. You just need passion for what you're going to do and... a good Internet connection. Materials are provided by me!
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Hi everyone!
My name is Daniela, I am Italian and I come from a small town in Sicily, Southern Italy. I am a qualified Italian language teacher and a CELI examiner! I work in two language schools teaching Italian and I also teach English at school.
I love foreign languages, translating, reading and listening to music. Are you ready to start your language learning path with me? We are going to learn many things and to talk a lot, if you allow me to! Don’t worry if you’ve never studied the language before: everyone can attend my classes – from beginner to advanced students. You just need passion for what you're going to do and... a good Internet connection. Materials are provided by me!
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