The infinitive in German (um…zu, ohne… zu)
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The basic form of a verb, which means the unconjugated form, is called infinitive. In German, there are some constructions of sentences, which always use the infinitive of a verb. This chapter will show you all the different constructions and how to use them in the correct way.
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The construction with 'zu + infinitive' is used quite often in German and can be tranlated into english like 'in order to' or just 'to'. For instance, this constructions is often used when a sentence consists of two verbs. There are alway two possibilities of constructing the sentence: with and without 'zu'.
Those constructions with 'zu' are always subordinate clauses without a direct object.
There are some typical ways to use 'zu' with an infinitive. See some examples in the table below.
Way to use 'zu' | Examples | Translation |
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With a prepostition:
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In combination with declarative sentences |
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Within some typical sentences (haben + noun) |
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In combination with a reflexive verb |
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In combination with an adjective |
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In some rare cases, the subordinate clause with 'zu' can stand in the beginning of the sentence.
The strucure with 'um .. zu' is used to express purposes or aims. With separable verbs, the zu preposition is interposed between the prefix and the stem of the verb. (e.g. aushalten (to stand) = auszuhalten.) The construction can usually be translated into English by 'in order to' or just 'to'.
For example:
Ich fahre nach Deutschland, um Deutsch zu lernen. (I go to Germany, in order to learn German.)
Wir stehen um 7 Uhr auf, um Sport zu treiben. (We wake up at seven, to do some sports.)
Er hört Musik, um sich abzulenken. (He hears music, to take his eyes off the ball.)
To express an intention or purpose we can also use the construction with damit (so that). This preposition introduces an infinitive sentence but never holds the preposition 'zu'. The preposition 'zu' is missing, but the verb at the end is also in infinitive.
For example:
When the subjects of the main sentence and the subordinate sentence are different, you can only use the construction with a 'damit':
When you use two verbs in the subordinate sentence (like 'genießen kann'), the infinitive is the second last word in the sentence and is before the conjugated verb!
Also the structure with 'ohne .. zu' introduces an infinitive sentence. In English, this structure is used as 'without + Gerundium'.
To express something oppositional in German, you can use a sentence with '(an)statt ... zu' . It can be translated into English as 'instead of ..'. It is also used with the gerund after 'anstatt'.
The construction of 'als ... zu' is mainly used as 'anstatt ... zu' to express oppisitional actions. It can be translated as 'rather than'.
There are some verbs that are typically used in infinitive sentences. See the words and the examples below to get a further understanding of it. The infinitive will always be italicised.
Verb | Example | Translation |
---|---|---|
anfangen | Klara fängt an, den Dachboden aufzuräumen. | Klara starts cleaning up the attic. |
aufhören | Hör endlich auf, den anderen die Schuld zu geben. | Finally stop blaming the others. |
beabsichtigen | Wir beabsichtigen, nächstes Jahr den Kölner Dom zu besichtigen. | We plan to visit the dome of Cologne next year. |
beginnen | Die Bären beginnen, sich auf den Winterschlaf vorzubereiten. | The bears start preparing theirselves for the hibernation. |
sich bemühen | Er bemüht sich, auch im größten Stress gelassen zu bleiben. | He struggles to stay calm even if he's in full stress. |
beschließen | Julia hat beschlossen, ein Semester im Ausland zu verbringen. | Julia decided, to stay abroad for one semester. |
bitten | Die Kursleiterin bittet die Studierenden, während der Prüfung nicht zu sprechen. | The teacher begs her students not to talk during the exam. |
erlauben | Hast du Tim erlaubt, alleine mit dem Hund spazieren zu gehen? | Did you allow Tim to go for a walk with the dog on his own? |
sich erinnern | Ich habe mich daran erinnert, dir zum Geburtstag zu gratulieren. | I remembered myself to wish you a happy birthday. |
sich entschließen | Er entschließt sich, das Studium abzubrechen. | He decides to break up his studies. |
glauben | Glaubt ihr wirklich, eines Tages steinreich zu werden? | Do you really believe to be rich one day? |
helfen | Ich helfe dir gleich, die Wäsche aufzuhängen. | In a minute I will help you to peg out your washing. |
hoffen | Die Katze hofft, den Schmetterling zu fangen. | The cat hopes to catch the butterfly. |
planen | Ich habe geplant, ein Erasmussemester in Spanien zu machen. | I have planned to do an Erasmus semester in Spain. |
scheinen | Er scheint, kein einziges Wort verstanden zu haben. | It seems like he didn't even understand a single word. |
verbieten | In diesem Park ist es verboten, Feuer zu machen und zu grillen. | In this park it is forbidden to make a fire and to do a barbecue. |
vergessen | Sie hat vergessen, Sekt für die Geburtstagsfeier einzukaufen. | She forgot to buy sparkling wine for the birthday party. |
versprechen | Markus versprach Anna, ihr für immer treu zu bleiben. | Markus promised Anna, to remain faithful to her forever. |
versuchen | Er hat versucht, das Problem zu lösen. | He tried to solve the problem. |
vorhaben | Hast du vor, nach Australien auszuwandern? | Are you planning to emigrate to Australia? |
vorwarnen | Ernährungsexperten warnen davor, zu viel Zucker zu essen. | Nutrition experts warn about eating to much sugar. |
sich weigern | Karl weigerte sich, die Suppe aufzuessen. | Karl refused to eat up the soup. |
These are the main expressions used in German to introduce an indefinite sentence. Of yourse, there are more expressions, but these should help to give you an idea about it.
Expression | Example | Translation |
---|---|---|
die Absicht haben | Ich habe die Absicht, nächstes Jahr in den Urlaub zu fahren. | I have the intention, to go on vacation next year. |
in Betracht ziehen | WIr müssen in Betracht ziehen, in eine neue Wohnung zu ziehen. | We have to take into account to move to a new flat. |
eine Entscheidung treffen | Wir haben die Entscheidung getroffen, diese Wohnung zu kaufen. | We made the decision, to buy this flat. |
die Hoffnung haben | Sie haben die Hoffnung, den Hund zu finden. | They have the hope to find the dog. |
die Neigung haben | Ich habe die Neigung, zu stottern, wenn ich nervös bin. | I tend to stutter, when I'm nervous. |
ein Versprechen geben | Ich gebe dir das Versprechen, die Wohnung zu putzen. | I promise to clean the flat. |
In German, it is also possible, to transform a noun into a verb and then use it in combination with the preposition 'zu'. See some examples below. Therefore, there are two different options, to use an infinitive sentence.
Infinitive sentence without 'zu' | Infinitive sentence with 'zu' |
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Zum Schutz vor dem Regen, hat sie einen Regenschirm benutzt. (As a protection against the storm, she used an umbrella.) | Sie hat einen Regenschirm benutzt, um sich vor dem Regen zu schützen. (She used an umbrella, to protect herself from the rain.) |
Zur Entspannung hört er gute Musik. (For relaxion, he listens to good music.) | Er hört gute Musik, um sich zu entspannen. (He listens to good music, to relax.) |
Zum Lesen braucht man gutes Licht. (For reading, you need good light.) | Man braucht gutes Licht, um zu lesen. (You need good light, to read.) |
There are also certain situations, where the verb is not preceeded by the preposition 'zu', but nevertheless is in infinitive. This is the case, if there exist two verbs in the sentence. In the table below you can find the situations and some examples.
Situation | Example | Translation |
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In combination with modal verbs:
+ wissen |
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With verbs that describe perceptions or conditions:
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With verbs of movement:
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With the verb lassen |
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With the verb lernen |
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With the verb bleiben (in the meaning of not changing the situation) |
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With the verbs finden and haben (In combination with expressions of place) |
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For making commands (Like in imperative) |
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There are some peculiarities regarding the construction of infinite sentences. You will find them in the following chapters.
The first particularity is with seperable verbs, which means, that the verb consists of one verb stem and a prefix infront of the verb (e.g. ab-reisen, an-fertigen). All of this verbs can also stand alone, without the prefix. In this case, the preposition 'zu' comes between the prefix and the infinitive of the verb.
Seperable verb | Example | Translation |
---|---|---|
ein-schlafen | Ich versuche, einzuschlafen. | I try to fall asleep. |
an-rufen | Ich verspreche dir, dich anzurufen. | I promise you, to call you. |
an-fangen | Ich bin nicht bereit, an fangen. | I'm not ready to start. |
In situations where the infinitive is not preceded by the preposition 'zu' (see above), the infinitive of separable verbs remains unchanged, like in the examples in the table below.
Seperable verb | Example | Translation |
---|---|---|
vorbei-kommen | Ich kann heute vorbeikommen. | I can come by today. |
auf-stehen | Ich werde um 8 Uhr aufstehen. | I will get up at 8 o'clock. |
Reflexive verbs are for example verbs like 'sich vorstellen' (to introduce yourself). In the infinitive group, the reflexive pronoun is placed before the infinitive, whether it is introduced by 'zu' or not. Usually the reflexive pronoun is immediately after the comma, separating the main sentence from the subordinate sentence.
Reflexive verb | Example | Translation |
---|---|---|
sich vorbereiten | Er versucht, sich auf die Prüfung vorzubereiten. | He tries to prepare for the exam. |
sich entschuldigen | Ich muss mich entschuldigen. | I have to apologize. |
sich waschen | Es ist wichtig, sich richtig zu waschen. | It is important, to wash properly. |
As you can see, the other rules you learned above, also work with reflexive verbs. In the first example we have a seperable verbs, which is why the preposition 'zu' is between the prefix and the normal verb stem (see above).
We can choose to express the concept either with the infinitive sentence (with 'zu') or use the subordinate phrase introduced by 'dass' (without the zu). The meaning is unchanged, but in the 'dass'-phrase, we usually don't have an infinitive form of a verb.
Infinitive sentences with 'zu' can only be used if the subjects (of the main and subordinate sentences) are identical. Otherwise the construction with 'dass' is used:
Luca freut sich darüber, morgen Besuch zu bekommen. (Where Luca is the subject in the main and in the subordinate phrase)
Luca freut sich darüber, dass er morgen Besuch bekommt. (Where Luca is the subject of the main sentence, but 'der Besuch' is the subject of the subordinate sentence.)
Other examples are:
There are verbs that can introduce infinitive groups with or without the preposition 'zu'. Depending on the use they change their meaning, so keep attention to this.
Verb | Example | Translation |
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haben |
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sein |
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scheinen |
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brauchen |
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Fill in the right form of the infinitive mood. Use the words written in the bracklets, to form the subordinate sentence.
Recap: The preposition 'zu' always is in front of the verb and the infinitive is at the end of the full sentence. An exception is given with the forms of seperable verbs, where the preposition comes between the prefix and the verb stem (e.g. aufzuhören.)
Example: Es ist schwer, mit dem Rauchen aufzuhören. (aufhören.) (It's hard, to stop smoking.)
Example: Sie finden es schön, ihren Onkel zu sehen. (sehen) (They love, to see their uncle.)
1. Er denkt nicht daran, sich . (entschuldigen) (He doesn't even think about to apologizing.)
2. Sie bleibt zu Hause, anstatt zur Schule . (Sie stays at home, instead of going to schoo.)
3. Ich bin gelaufen, um Gertrud . (helfen) (I ran in order to help Gertrud.)
4. Sie geht raus, ohne einen Mantel . (anziehen) (She goes out, without putting on a coat.)
5. Er hofft darauf, sein Handy . (wiederfinden) (He hopes to find his mobile.)
6. Er kam ins Zimmer, ohne . (klopfen) (He came into the room without knocking.)
7. Ich verspreche dir, dich oft . (besuchen) (I promise you, to visit you often.)
8. Ich finde es toll, bei euch . (sein) (I like it, being with you.)
9. Sie hat mich gebeten, ihn auch . (einladen) (She asked me, to invite him as well.)
Fill in the missing words to form a grammatically correct sentence with or without the preposition 'zu'.
Recap: We can choose to express the concept either with
While using the construction with 'dass' the preposition 'zu' isn't used. The meaning is unchanged, but in the 'dass'-phrase, we usually don't have an infinitive form of a verb, but a conjugated verb.
Example: Luca freut sich darüber, morgen Besuch zu bekommen. (bekommen) (Luca is pleased to have visitors tomorrow.)
Example: Luca freut sich darüber, dass er morgen Besuch bekommt. (Luca is pleased, that he has visitors tomorrow.)
1. Wir sind gekommen, um uns . (entschuldigen) (We came here, to apologize.)
2. Wusstest du, dass er Deutsch ? (sprechen) (Did you know that he speaks German?)
3. Sie vergaß, mir die Zeitung . (geben) (She forgot, to give me the newspaper.)
4. Ich hoffe, dass er sein Geld . (wiederfinden) (I hope, that he finds his money.)
5. Er hat telefoniert, um seine Freunde einzuladen. (einladen) (He was on the phone, to invite his friends.)
6. Er geht vorbei, ohne Nora zu sehen. (sehen) (We walks by, without seeing Nora.)
7. Wir haben gemalt, anstatt . (lernen) (We painted, intead of studying.)
8. Ich möchte, dass ihr pünktlich . (sein) (I want you to be on time.)
9. Versprecht ihr, meinen Freund auch ? (einladen) (Do you promise, to also invite my friend?)
Fill in the right form of the infinitive mood. Use the words written in the bracklets, to form the subordinate sentence.
Recap: The preposition 'zu' always is in front of the verb and the infinitive is at the end of the full sentence. An exception is given with the forms of seperable verbs, where the preposition comes between the prefix and the verb stem (e.g. aufzuhören.)
Example: Es ist schwer, mit dem Rauchen aufzuhören. (aufhören.) (It's hard, to stop smoking.)
Example: Sie finden es schön, ihren Onkel zu sehen. (sehen) (They love, to see their uncle.)
1. Er denkt nicht daran, sich . (entschuldigen) (He doesn't even think about to apologizing.)
2. Sie bleibt zu Hause, anstatt zur Schule . (Sie stays at home, instead of going to schoo.)
3. Ich bin gelaufen, um Gertrud . (helfen) (I ran in order to help Gertrud.)
4. Sie geht raus, ohne einen Mantel . (anziehen) (She goes out, without putting on a coat.)
5. Er hofft darauf, sein Handy . (wiederfinden) (He hopes to find his mobile.)
6. Er kam ins Zimmer, ohne . (klopfen) (He came into the room without knocking.)
7. Ich verspreche dir, dich oft . (besuchen) (I promise you, to visit you often.)
8. Ich finde es toll, bei euch . (sein) (I like it, being with you.)
9. Sie hat mich gebeten, ihn auch . (einladen) (She asked me, to invite him as well.)
Fill in the missing words to form a grammatically correct sentence with or without the preposition 'zu'.
Recap: We can choose to express the concept either with
While using the construction with 'dass' the preposition 'zu' isn't used. The meaning is unchanged, but in the 'dass'-phrase, we usually don't have an infinitive form of a verb, but a conjugated verb.
Example: Luca freut sich darüber, morgen Besuch zu bekommen. (bekommen) (Luca is pleased to have visitors tomorrow.)
Example: Luca freut sich darüber, dass er morgen Besuch bekommt. (Luca is pleased, that he has visitors tomorrow.)
1. Wir sind gekommen, um uns . (entschuldigen) (We came here, to apologize.)
2. Wusstest du, dass er Deutsch ? (sprechen) (Did you know that he speaks German?)
3. Sie vergaß, mir die Zeitung . (geben) (She forgot, to give me the newspaper.)
4. Ich hoffe, dass er sein Geld . (wiederfinden) (I hope, that he finds his money.)
5. Er hat telefoniert, um seine Freunde einzuladen. (einladen) (He was on the phone, to invite his friends.)
6. Er geht vorbei, ohne Nora zu sehen. (sehen) (We walks by, without seeing Nora.)
7. Wir haben gemalt, anstatt . (lernen) (We painted, intead of studying.)
8. Ich möchte, dass ihr pünktlich . (sein) (I want you to be on time.)
9. Versprecht ihr, meinen Freund auch ? (einladen) (Do you promise, to also invite my friend?)
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Fantastic opportunity to improve your German with a Native speaker. Christina is really helpful, very friendly and I would fully recommend to anyone!
Christina F.
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Thanks a lot Padraig ..... good luck Thank you very much Padraig and good luck
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I have a degree in English and I have been teaching English for 6 consecutive years.
I find teaching English gratifying and thoroughly enjoyable, and it gives me immense joy to see people I teach improve in their written and spoken English.
My specialties are phonics, grammar, vocabulary, public speaking, conversational English and writing. But I can teach other aspects of English too.
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This teacher had learning materials and experience, however there were a few problems with the connection.
This review was written by a coLanguage team member during a manual screening of this teacher profile.
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My interest in learning foreign languages has arisen since I was a young girl. At 13 I made up my mind to attend the foreign language high school where I graduaded with proficiency. After a few years I got my University degree.
I have been teaching for a few years privately via Skype Italian mainly to German adult students. My method is based to consolidate the grammar knowledge if previuosly done or to base it by catching their attention on interesting topics. I provide my students all material needed to plan a valuable lesson and for this reason I have gathered fulfilling reviews on other teaching platforms
About Italian students studying German with me, most of them are interested in deeping topics dealt at school or being prepared to get a certification.
I look forward to hearing from you
Maria Grazia
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Very interesting and useful lessons. Maria Grazia always punctual and precise, we worked very well and she was always very kind
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Hi, I'm Irish, have been living Milan for 30 years. I have a strong business background in sales and marketing. I have lived in USA, UK and done business in Far East. I teach private students and in global corporates and universities. If you're looking to improve your English quickly I have developed my interactive communication method. A great lesson is based on understanding your needs, planning, content, your involvement, feedback, correction, repetition. My experience in theatre helps me to organise, conduct role plays, followed by constructive feedback. I prepare students for EU exams. Qualities; ability to listen, empathy, patience, motivating, energetic, open to feedback, positive outlook, value sharing, abilty to focus on long and short term objectives, relationship building. Look forward to 'partnering' with you.
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Emer is a very professional and experienced teacher. She is very motivated and really cares about her students' success. Highly recommended!!
This review was written by a coLanguage team member during a manual screening of this teacher profile.
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I am thrilled by my teacher Dani. She is nice, positive and does a great job.
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I am an enthusiastic and devoted Native English speaker with excellent communication skills and I would love to help you improve your conversational English
I have a Bachelors degree in Information Design and Marketing. I am also a certified TEFL teacher. I have 15 years experience teaching students at University level and more recently I started teaching English on-line to all age groups. As part of my community service, I do volunteer English teaching to underprivileged students in Myanmar which I find hugely rewarding.
My classes focus on conversational English, in other words - we talk and read a lot, we make mistakes and correct them, we focus on pronunciation and correct sentence construction and have fun while learning and practising your English. My number one priority is always to focus on addressing your specific needs and problem areas.
Learning to speak a new language is more than just acquiring new words and the sentences, it is also about getting the confidence to use it. This confidence will come from using the language in a friendly, safe and non-judgemental environment - and that is what I offer you.
I believe I am very friendly, easy to get along with, and extremely patient.
Teaching English to me is a passion and not a job. I am super excited to share this learning journey with you.
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Pieter is a South African English teacher with loads of experience. He has taught different age groups and even teaches English to people who cannot afford it on his free time. He counts with different learning materials for different ages and purposes and seems eager to accommodate courses according to the student's needs.
This review was written by a coLanguage team member during a manual screening of this teacher profile.
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