Slovak active and passive participle
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In this lesson we will explain the difference between the active and passive participle. Also, we will review the basic rules about creation of these participles.
Lesson outline
Hide- 1.The difference between active and passive participle
- 2.Active participle
- 2.1.Creation of active participle
- 2.2.Examples
- 3.Passive participle
- 3.1.Creation of passive participle
- 3.2.Examples
- 4.Exercises
- 4.1.Drag the text exercise on active participle
- 4.2.Fill in the blanks exercise about the passive participle
The difference between active and passive participle
Active participle is used with people doing some actions, while passive participle is used with the things that are being used by somebody somehow. Usually, the word base of the verb has to be changed or a prefix added.
You can see the difference on these two examples.
Dievča číta knihu. = The girl reads a book.
- active = čítajúce dievča (the girl who is reading.)
- passive = čítaná kniha (the book which is read.)
Chlapec píše list. = The boy writes a letter.
- active = píšuci chlapec (the boy who is writing)
- passive = písaný list (the letter which is written)
The active and passive participles are used very rarely in general spoken Slovak language. You can find them mainly in the literature.
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Active participle
Creation of active participle
To create the active participle, you only add a suffix -ci, -ca, -ce to the word base created from 3rd person plural:
Example:
| English infinitive | Slovak Infinitive | 3. person plural - they | Active participle (masculine) |
|---|---|---|---|
| to work | pracovať | pracujú | pracujúci |
| to write | písať | píšu | píšuci |
| to sit | sedieť | sedia | sediaci |
| to stand | stáť | stoja | stojaci |
Remember that the suffix depends on the gender of the noun which it describes.
- -ci = masculine gender (Singular, Plural)
- -ca = feminine gender (Singular)
- -ce = neutral gender (Singular, Plural), feminine gender (Plural), masculine gender (Plural)
Let´s see how the active participle "pracujúci" (from the verb pracovať - to work) changes with different nouns.
| Noun | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| žena (f.) - a woman | pracujúca žena | pracujúce ženy |
| dievča (n.) - a girl | pracujúce dievča | pracujúce dievčatá |
| otec (m.) - a father | pracujúci otec | pracujúci otcovia |
| stroj (m.) - a machine | pracujúci stroj | pracujúce stroje |
All of the active participles are declined accordng to the adjective "cudzí".
Examples
| Present tense | Active participle |
|---|---|
| Mama číta. (Mum reads.) | čítajúca mama (a reading mom) |
| Dievča spieva. (Girl sings.) | spievajúce dievča (a singing girl) |
| Majiteľ hľadá psa. (Owner is looking for a dog) | hľadajúci majiteľ (an owner who is looking for) |
Passive participle
Creation of passive participle
To create passive participle you remove -ť out of infinitives and add suffix -ný (usually when the verb ends with -ať)
| English infinitive | Slovak infinitive | Passive participle (masculine) |
|---|---|---|
| to read | číta-ť | čítaný |
| to sing | spieva-ť | spievaný |
| to look for | hľada-ť | hľadaný |
| to build | stava-ť | stavaný |
Sometimes the words can end with other suffixes, and those are as follows: -tý and -ený (this usually happens when the verb ends with -iť)
| English infinitive | Slovak infinitive | Passive participle (masculine) |
|---|---|---|
| to cook | var-iť | varený |
| to sew | ši-ť | šitý |
| to talk | hovor-iť | hovorený |
| to drive | jazd-iť | jazdený |
Remember that the suffix depends on the gender of the noun which it describes.
- -ný / tý / etý = masculine gender (Singular, Plural)
- -ná / tá / etá = feminine gender (Singular)
- -né / té / eté= neutral gender (Singular, Plural), feminine gender (Plural), masculine gender (Plural)
Let´s see how the passive participle "čítaný" (from the verb čítať - to read) changes with different nouns.
| Noun | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| kniha (f.) - a book | čítaná kniha | čítané knihy |
| list (m.) - a letter | čítaný list | čítané listy |
| autor (m.) - an author | čítaný autor | čítaní autori |
| písmo (n.) - a handwriting | čítané písmo | čítané písma |
All of the passive participles are declined accoridng to the adjective model "pekný".
Examples
| Present tense | Passive participle |
|---|---|
| Muž stavia dom. (A man builds a house.) | stavaný dom (a builded house) |
| Dievča kreslí cestu. (A girl draws a way.) | kreslená cesta (a drawn way) |
| On volá číslo od Žanety. (He calls the number from Žaneta.) | volané číslo (a called number) |
Exercises
Drag the text exercise on active participle
Fill in the blanks exercise about the passive participle
Exercises
Drag the text exercise on active participle
Fill in the blanks exercise about the passive participle
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I am a qualified, experienced teacher of Slovak for foreigners. I have master´s degree in teaching and I´ve been teaching Slovak both in person and online for 10 years. I prepare unique lessons for every student according to their level, needs, goals and preferences. I offer free trial lesson where we assess student´s level, discuss goals and make a plan of lessons. We also set our schedule and student gets a chance to see my teaching style and methods. .
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I am a qualified, experienced teacher of Slovak for foreigners. I have master´s degree in teaching and I´ve been teaching Slovak both in person and online for 10 years. I prepare unique lessons for every student according to their level, needs, goals and preferences. I offer free trial lesson where we assess student´s level, discuss goals and make a plan of lessons. We also set our schedule and student gets a chance to see my teaching style and methods. .
So, if you like to explore the beauty of my mother language, I will be pleased to assist you! Looking forward to meeting you soon online!
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Imperativ is difficult because there are some irregular verbs which Libi included in the exercise for practice
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Hi there! Do you want to dive into the beauty of Slovak and / or English language? Then let's do it together!
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Thanks to my experience as a teacher at language school, I gave lessons to individuals, groups of various ages, children... I always try to personalize my lessons and concentrate on those areas that are important for you.
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