Partitive case in Estonian
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Lesson outline
Hide- 1.When to use the partitive case in Estonian?
- 2.How to form the partitive singular?
- 2.1.The ending -d
- 2.2.The ending -t
- 2.3.Vowel endings
- 3.How to form the partitive plural?
- 3.1.The ending -id
- 3.2.The ending -sid
- 3.3.The vowel endings
- 4.Exercises
- 4.1.Exercise: Partitive singular
- 4.2.Exercise: Partitive plural
When to use the partitive case in Estonian?
The partitive singular, like the genitive singular, is a basic form which is used to construct other cases. It is the root of most cases in plural.
The partitive case (osastav kääne in Estonian) answers the questions keda? 'whom?' and mida? 'what?'. In it's basic meaning, it indicates an indeterminate whole, of which only a part is under consideration. For example. klaas vett 'a glass of (some) water', tükk leiba 'a piece of (some) bread', etc.
The partitive is used in many ways:
1) after words of quantity:
- Mul on kaks poega. --- I have two sons.
- See võttis mul aega pool päeva. --- It took me half a day.
- Karp šokolaadi. --- A box of chocolate.
2) for the partial object:
- Tüdruk sööb leiba. --- The girl is eating (some) bread.
- Ma loen raamatut. --- I am reading a book.
- Ta vaatab telekat. --- He is watching the TV.
3) for the partial subject:
- Lund sajab. --- It is snowing. (some snow is falling)
- Ninast jookseb verd. --- (Some) Blood is flowing from the nose.
- Korstnast tuleb suitsu. --- Smoke is coming from the chimney.
4) for the predicate complement, when indicating the group or type which the subject belongs to.
- Mis värvi on müts? --- (Of) What colour is the hat?
- Kleit on punast värvi. --- The dress is (of a) red (color).
- Mu isa on lühikest kasvu. --- My dad is (of a) short (height).
5) quite a few prepositions require the partitive case after them:
- Enne lõunat --- Before noon
- Mööda teed --- Along the road
- Pärast tööd --- After work
- Vastu voolu --- Against the stream
- Alla mäge --- Down the hill
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How to form the partitive singular?
The partitive singular may end in -d, -t or a certain vowel (-a, -e, -i, -u). It often has a different stem than the genitive singular. Since it is one of the root cases, the partitive singular of a word is also given in the word lists in addition to the nominative and genitive. It is very complicated to give all the rules concerning the derivation of the partitive case, but in general there are three basic types of partitive forms, with various subtypes.
The ending -d
After a double vowel or diphthong, the partitive singular ends in -d. This is added directly to the nominative form (which in these cases is the same as the genitive form).
| Nominative/Genitive | Partitive | English |
|---|---|---|
| Maa | Maad | Earth |
| Või | Võid | Butter |
| Pea | Pead | Head |
| Töö | Tööd | Work |
Exceptions: au 'honor' and nõu 'advice, utensil' do not take the -d ending! The partitive is the same as the nominative and genitive.
The following five two-syllable words end in -d in the partitive singular, with the last vowel of the stem (-i in the nominative) being dropped before the -d is added:
| Nominative | Partitive | English |
|---|---|---|
| Meri | Merd | Sea |
| Veri | Verd | Blood |
| Tuli | Tuld | Fire, light |
| Uni | Und | Sleep, dream |
| Lumi | Lund | Snow |
The ending -t
When the partitive singular is formed with the -t suffix, it is usually added to the genitive form.
| Nominative | Genitive | Partitive | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Raamat | Raamatu | Raamatut | Book |
| Lennuk | Lennuki | Lennukit | Airplane |
| Pudel | Pudeli | Pudelit | Bottle |
| Vihik | Vihiku | Vihikut | Notebook |
In certain cases the -e at the end of the genitive stem may be dropped before adding -t in the partitive case.
| Nominative | Genitive | Partitive | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Roheline | Rohelise | Rohelist | Green |
| Uus | Uue | Uut | New |
| Viis | Viie | Viit | Five |
| Õis | Õie | Õit | Blossom |
Note these unusual patterns:
| Nominative | Genitive | Partitive | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Käsi | Käe | Kätt | Hand |
| Vesi | Vee | Vett | Water |
| Mesi | Mee | Mett | Honey |
| Süda | Südame | Südant | Heart |
For some words that end in -l, -n, -r, -s the suffix -t is added directly onto the nominative form.
| Nominative | Partitive | English |
|---|---|---|
| Keel | Keelt | Language |
| Aken | Akent | Window |
| Mees | Meest | Man |
| Tütar | Tütart | Daughter |
Vowel endings
For a large group of Estonian words, the partitive singular is formed by adding to the nominative form the vowel which is at the end of the genitive form.
| Nominative | Genitive | Partitive | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vend | Venna | `Venda | Brother |
| Leib | Leiva | `Leiba | Bread |
| Kukk | Kuke | Kukke | Rooster |
| Jõgi | Jõe | Jõge | River |
| Riik | Riigi | `Riiki | State |
| Pink | Pingi | `Pinki | Bench |
| Lind | Linnu | `Lindu | Bird |
| Lipp | Lipu | Lippu | Flag |
Sometimes the genitive and partitive are spelled alike, but the former is pronounced with second-degree (long) quantity and the latter with third-degree (overlong) quantity.
| Nominative | Genitive | Partitive | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Loom | Looma | `Looma | Animal |
| Silm | Silma | `Silma | Eye |
| Asi | Asja | `Asja | Thing |
| Must | Musta | `Musta | Black |
Many two-syllable words which end in -a, -i or -u remain unchanged in the genitive and partitive forms.
| Nominative | Genitive | Partitive | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isa | Isa | Isa | Father |
| Onu | Onu | Onu | Uncle |
| Karu | Karu | Karu | Bear |
| Vana | Vana | Vana | Old |
An adjective which modifies a noun in the partitive case must also be in the partitive.
- Kolm väikest (par.) last (par.) --- Three small children.
- Ma vaatan head (par.) filmi (par.) --- I am watching a good movie.
- Ma söön maitsvat (par.) salatit (par.). --- I am eating a tasty salad.
How to form the partitive plural?
The construction of the partitive plural involves certain complications. Below is an overview of the three basic groupings into which partitive plural endings can be classified.
The ending -id
The ending -id (-aid, -eid, -uid, -äid, -öid) is used for most one-syllable words which end in a long vowel. It is also used for some words with two or more syllables.
| Nominative Singular | Gen. Sing. | Partitive Plural | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maa | Maa | Maid | Earth |
| Puu | Puu | Puid | Tree |
| Aasta | Aasta | Aastaid | Year |
| Süda | Südame | Südameid | Heart |
| Sinine | Sinise | Siniseid | Blue |
| Tugev | Tugeva | Tugevaid | Strong |
| Hommik | Hommiku | Hommikuid | Morning |
The ending -sid
The ending -sid is used for two-syllable words which have a short vowel in the first syllable and end in a short vowel. It is also used for words with the feminine suffix -nna.
| Nominative Singular | Partitive Plural | English |
|---|---|---|
| Ema | Emasid | Mother |
| Küla | Külasid | Village |
| Jõgi | Jõgesid | River |
| Kõne | Kõnesid | Speech |
| Kalju | Kaljusid | Cliff |
| Õde | Õdesid | Sister |
| Eestlanna | Eestlannasid | Estonian woman |
The vowel endings
The vowel endings -e, -i, -u are used for many different types of words. In their case, the partitive plural is derived from the stem of the partitive singular, with the plural suffix depending on the vowel which the partitive singular ends with.
1) If the partitive singular ends in -i or -u, the partitive plural ends in -e.
| Nominative Singular | Partitive Singular | Partitive Plural | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Poiss | Poissi | Poisse | Boy |
| Kool | Kooli | Koole | School |
| Lind | Lindu | Linde | Bird |
| Laul | Laulu | Laule | Song |
| Pilt | Pilti | Pilte | Picture |
2) If the partitive singular ends in -e, the partitive plural ends in -i.
| Nominative Singular | Partitive singular | Partitive Plural | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lill | Lille | Lilli | Flower |
| Järv | Järve | Järvi | Lake |
| Ajaleht | Ajalehte | Ajalehti | Newspaper |
Among the words in this group are words that end in a consonant in the partitive singular and end in -e in the genitive singular.
| Nom. Sing | Gen. Sing | Part. Sing | Part. Plural | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Keel | Keele | Keelt | Keeli | Language |
| Suur | Suure | Suurt | Suuri | Big |
| Inimene | Inimese | Inimest | Inimesi | Person |
3) If the partitive singular ends in -a, the partitive plural ends in either -i or -u.
a) The ending -i is used if the preceding syllable contains one of the following vowels: e o u ä ö ü, or a diphthong with one of these vowels.
| Nom. Sing | Part. Sing. | Part. Plural | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mets | Metsa | Metsi | Forest |
| Poeg | Poega | Poegi | Son |
| Päev | Päeva | Päevi | Day |
| Püha | Püha | Pühi | Holiday |
b) The ending -u is used if the preceding syllable ends in the vowels -a, -i, -õ or the diphthongs -ei or -äi.
| Nom. Sing. | Part. Sing. | Part. Plural | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maja | Maja | Maju | House |
| Viga | Viga | Vigu | English |
| Sõber | Sõpra | Sõpru | Friend |
| Väin | Väina | Väinu | Strait |
Note: Some words have two forms of the partitive plural, one with the vowel ending and one with the suffix -sid.
| Nominative Singular | Partitive Plural | English |
|---|---|---|
| Jalg | Jalgu, jalgasid | Foot |
| Vaba | Vabu, vabasid | Free |
| Põld | Põlde, põldusid | Field |
| Tuba | Tube, tubasid | Room |
| Pesa | Pesi, pesasid | Nest |
Train your skills with exercises!
Exercises
Exercise: Partitive singular
Exercise: Partitive plural
Exercises
Exercise: Partitive singular
Exercise: Partitive plural
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Tere! I am a language teacher with more than ten years of experience. I have worked as a lecturer of Estonian language and culture at the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv in Ukraine, at the Tallinn University in Estonia and in numerous language schools. Currently, I am a freelance linguist based in Berlin and teach Estonian online.
It is important for me to introduce a language as a simple logical system that is easy to understand and use. As a teacher, I structure my classes and deliver knowledge in a clear and engaging way, combining theory with practice. Besides my endeavours to make my classes useful, I aspire to make them entertaining and fun, so that my students have a great time in the lesson. By teaching students from a wide range of learning techniques, I always try to provide a personal approach to each student and adapt to their needs, so that they are able to continuously improve their grammar and vocabulary.
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My name is Diana. I am a TESOL-certified English and Estonian online teacher with more than 5 years of professional and over 20 years of international voluntary teaching experience. During these years I taught professionally more than 3000 different students by helping them to achieve their goals and dreams. My students were from different age groups, levels and backgrounds.
In my classes, you will feel at ease, have a friendly atmosphere and look forward to your next lessons. My aim is to make classes effective and my goal is to help you to :
* Advance your communication skills
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* Achieve your desired language proficiency fast by using my effective and easy methods.
I tailor my teaching material according to your level and needs. As I strongly believe that no two students are alike and one teaching method that fits all is unfair and ineffective.
Looking forward to meeting you soon and emerging on a learning journey with you.
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Diana is a very professional teacher. Extremely patient and competent. She's always supporting and encouraging with her positive attitude. Looking forward to continue my study journey with her.
Diana B.
My name is Diana. I am a TESOL-certified English and Estonian online teacher with more than 5 years of professional and over 20 years of international voluntary teaching experience. During these years I taught professionally more than 3000 different students by helping them to achieve their goals and dreams. My students were from different age groups, levels and backgrounds.
In my classes, you will feel at ease, have a friendly atmosphere and look forward to your next lessons. My aim is to make classes effective and my goal is to help you to :
* Advance your communication skills
* Boost your communication efficiency by improving your accent and speaking clarity
* Achieve your desired language proficiency fast by using my effective and easy methods.
I tailor my teaching material according to your level and needs. As I strongly believe that no two students are alike and one teaching method that fits all is unfair and ineffective.
Looking forward to meeting you soon and emerging on a learning journey with you.
G. P.
Diana is a great Estonian teacher - patient, careful, and efficient. In addition to teaching competently, she encourages the student to enjoy the learning journey. I can't wait to take more classes. Suur aitäh!
Diana B.
Tere! I am a language teacher with more than ten years of experience. I have worked as a lecturer of Estonian language and culture at the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv in Ukraine, at the Tallinn University in Estonia and in numerous language schools. Currently, I am a freelance linguist based in Berlin and teach Estonian online.
It is important for me to introduce a language as a simple logical system that is easy to understand and use. As a teacher, I structure my classes and deliver knowledge in a clear and engaging way, combining theory with practice. Besides my endeavours to make my classes useful, I aspire to make them entertaining and fun, so that my students have a great time in the lesson. By teaching students from a wide range of learning techniques, I always try to provide a personal approach to each student and adapt to their needs, so that they are able to continuously improve their grammar and vocabulary.
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My name is Diana. I am a TESOL-certified English and Estonian online teacher with more than 5 years of professional and over 20 years of international voluntary teaching experience. During these years I taught professionally more than 3000 different students by helping them to achieve their goals and dreams. My students were from different age groups, levels and backgrounds.
In my classes, you will feel at ease, have a friendly atmosphere and look forward to your next lessons. My aim is to make classes effective and my goal is to help you to :
* Advance your communication skills
* Boost your communication efficiency by improving your accent and speaking clarity
* Achieve your desired language proficiency fast by using my effective and easy methods.
I tailor my teaching material according to your level and needs. As I strongly believe that no two students are alike and one teaching method that fits all is unfair and ineffective.
Looking forward to meeting you soon and emerging on a learning journey with you.
B. V.
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I have worked at several language schools in my hometown. Currently, I only teach on Skype. Every day I work online with students of different ages from all over the world.
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My name is Diana. I am a TESOL-certified English and Estonian online teacher with more than 5 years of professional and over 20 years of international voluntary teaching experience. During these years I taught professionally more than 3000 different students by helping them to achieve their goals and dreams. My students were from different age groups, levels and backgrounds.
In my classes, you will feel at ease, have a friendly atmosphere and look forward to your next lessons. My aim is to make classes effective and my goal is to help you to :
* Advance your communication skills
* Boost your communication efficiency by improving your accent and speaking clarity
* Achieve your desired language proficiency fast by using my effective and easy methods.
I tailor my teaching material according to your level and needs. As I strongly believe that no two students are alike and one teaching method that fits all is unfair and ineffective.
Looking forward to meeting you soon and emerging on a learning journey with you.
K. T.
It is so hard to find a good Estonian language teacher, especially a Russian speaker. And another important thing, that Diana motivates so much.
Diana B.
My name is Diana. I am a TESOL-certified English and Estonian online teacher with more than 5 years of professional and over 20 years of international voluntary teaching experience. During these years I taught professionally more than 3000 different students by helping them to achieve their goals and dreams. My students were from different age groups, levels and backgrounds.
In my classes, you will feel at ease, have a friendly atmosphere and look forward to your next lessons. My aim is to make classes effective and my goal is to help you to :
* Advance your communication skills
* Boost your communication efficiency by improving your accent and speaking clarity
* Achieve your desired language proficiency fast by using my effective and easy methods.
I tailor my teaching material according to your level and needs. As I strongly believe that no two students are alike and one teaching method that fits all is unfair and ineffective.
Looking forward to meeting you soon and emerging on a learning journey with you.
E. .
A wonderful teacher- patient, knowledgeable and so pleasant in communication! Was very flexible with scheduling a class at the last moment to accommodate me. Five stars all the way!
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I have a postgraduate degree (France) in Languages, Literature and Cultural Studies and I’m currently a freelance translator. I’ve previously worked at universities in France and abroad (South Africa/Australia) and have a solid experience in teaching (French Language, Literature, Philosophy, Cultural Studies, Creative Writing, etc.), designing courses, evaluating and guiding students, preparing students for exams/job interviews/professional presentations, managing a Language and Literature department at the university, presenting papers at academic conferences worldwide, publishing, translating and journalism. Over the years, I’ve had the opportunity to teach people with different profiles and from various backgrounds: international professionals, university students, beginner translators and teachers, high school students, retirees, travellers, francophiles, children (help with homework), etc.
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After the initial introductory lesson, I will design customised lesson plans that will evolve as you progress. We can also, at any time during the programme, change our working method if you wish to do so. I remain very flexible in that regard.
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Priscilla R.
Tere! I am a language teacher with more than ten years of experience. I have worked as a lecturer of Estonian language and culture at the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv in Ukraine, at the Tallinn University in Estonia and in numerous language schools. Currently, I am a freelance linguist based in Berlin and teach Estonian online.
It is important for me to introduce a language as a simple logical system that is easy to understand and use. As a teacher, I structure my classes and deliver knowledge in a clear and engaging way, combining theory with practice. Besides my endeavours to make my classes useful, I aspire to make them entertaining and fun, so that my students have a great time in the lesson. By teaching students from a wide range of learning techniques, I always try to provide a personal approach to each student and adapt to their needs, so that they are able to continuously improve their grammar and vocabulary.
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I have now completed 20 lessons with Riina. I can confidently say her classes grow with you. While it is clear that she has a progression of vocabulary and grammar concepts, each lesson is still individualized to fit your interests and questions. Starting as a complete beginner with no knowledge of Estonian meant that at first, everything was new and very challenging. However, Riina presented in a way that was easy to understand. As I have gained more understanding, the lessons have added more vocabulary and grammar concepts in a way that makes sense. There is always time for questions at the beginning of each lesson in case I think of any between lessons. Additionally, there has also been more Estonian spoken each lesson, based on my progress. I recommend Riina to anyone looking for an Estonian teacher, and I am looking forward to continuing lessons with her.
Riina R.
Hello guys! I've been teaching English for three years now, it all all started when I moved to Italy to be with my loving partner and become a father. I can teach any level form beginner to advanced, with your language goal in mind. I prefer to personalize lessons to individual students and my strengths are exam preparation and conversational English for those wishing to speak like a native.
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Alexander is such a patient and dedicated teacher! We went through several useful expressions that enriched my toolbox of idiomatic linguistic structures. We also worked in detail on my pronunciation, which improved my confidence a lot while giving presentations at school! Everybody should start learning with Alexander right NOW!
Alexander W.
Tere! I am a language teacher with more than ten years of experience. I have worked as a lecturer of Estonian language and culture at the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv in Ukraine, at the Tallinn University in Estonia and in numerous language schools. Currently, I am a freelance linguist based in Berlin and teach Estonian online.
It is important for me to introduce a language as a simple logical system that is easy to understand and use. As a teacher, I structure my classes and deliver knowledge in a clear and engaging way, combining theory with practice. Besides my endeavours to make my classes useful, I aspire to make them entertaining and fun, so that my students have a great time in the lesson. By teaching students from a wide range of learning techniques, I always try to provide a personal approach to each student and adapt to their needs, so that they are able to continuously improve their grammar and vocabulary.
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I can't really judge the learning methods after a trial lesson. The overall impression was positive. I look forward to further work with Riina.
Riina R.
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My name is Luisa and I teach Italian for foreign students, English, French and German for Italian students
Since 1994, I have dedicated myself to translating and teaching thanks to my travels, abroad studies, foreign reading and writing. I provide fun and customized lessons based on the student's goals. I also triy to minimize English speaking during the lessons. I give homework exercises, and my lessons are intermixed with grammar, conversation, customs and traditions. My goal is to make certain that each student finds learning Italian exciting.
I am available for any explanations also via e mail
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Luisa is fantastic! We are just doing conversation because that is what I need, and requested from Luisa. Easy flow and no lacking of topics to talk about with her. I highly recommend Luisa!!!
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Hello, everyone. My name is Tatiana
I am a professional teacher of Russian language and literature.
I have a master's degree in Russian language and literature and I am a fully qualified teacher of Russian as a foreign language. I am a native speaker. I am well acquainted with Russian culture and way of life. Therefore, I will gladly share my experience with our lessons.
I speak English freely.
I have been teaching for 19 years. I am a certified teacher of Russian (both native and foreign) and literature and a native speaker.
I offer one-to-one and mini-group lessons for students aged 4 and over.
I have developed popular programs for online learning:
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I would be happy to help you)
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Tatiana is a teacher with several years of experience in education, which provides students with the best educational support and material.
This review was written by a coLanguage team member during a manual screening of this teacher profile.
Tatiana A.
Thank you Taisha.